Relationship between the inflammatory infiltrate and the degree of differentiation of the canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

AbstractThe inflammatory response may have pro or anti-neoplastic effects in tumors, depending on the histological type and malignancy level of the tumor. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of predominant inflammatory cells by immunohistochemistry in cutaneus squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of dogs, comparing it with the degree of differentiation of the tumor. Twenty samples of SCC were analyzed. The tumors were histologically classified into two groups, differentiated SCC (SCCd=12) and undifferentiated SCC (SCCu=08). The tumor inflammatory infiltrate was determined by immunohistochemistry, in order to identify macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The comparison between groups, SCCd and SCCu, was not significant concerning the density of macrophages (P=1.0), T lymphocytes (P=0.335) and plasma cells (P=0.075). However, when comparing the inflammatory infiltrate in each group, the macrophages were the predominant cell type in both groups, a significant difference was found in the SCCd with plasma cells (P<0.0001). In the SCCu the difference occurred with lymphocytes (P<0.05) and plasma cells (P=0.0006). It could be concluded that the presence of inflammation in cases of SCC does not play a role in the differentiation of the neoplasm, since the inflammatory infiltrate was similar in both groups of SCC

Arranjos configurados pelos nervos do plexo braquial no urubu (Coragyps atratus foetens -Linnaeus, 1758)

The anatomical study of the origin and distribution of brachial plexus in vulture (Coragyps atratus foetens) was performed in 14 animals, adults, males and females, deriving of the region of Araçatuba (SP). After fixed in watery solution of formaldehyde 10,00%, became dissected bilateral of the origin of the brachial plexus, and yours distribution. The analysis allowed verify that brachial plexus of vulture, four root possess, which originate from the ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves eleven (C11), twelve (C12) and thirteen (C13) and of the ventral branches of thoracic spinal nerve one (T1) and (T2) in both sides (100%). The first root part of C11 in the right and left side, and of the edge skull of the dorsal lace the nerves subescapular, subcoracoescapular e supracoracóide in both antímeros (100%). As the root originates from C12 in both sides, giving origin to the dorsal lace, giving the axilar, radial and anconeal nerves (100%). The third root of plexus originates solely from C13 (100%) and the root of T1 in both sides (100%). The roots of C12, C13 and T1 was united the ventral lace originates, which breaks the nerves to medianoulnar that divided in medium and to ulnar and the pectoral nerves (100%). T2 emits filaments that join it root nervous of T1, being one filament (35,55%) and two filaments (64,29%) in side right, while that in the left one filament (42,85%), two filaments (50%) and three filaments (7,15%)O estudo anatômico da origem e distribuição do plexo braquial no urubu (Coragyps atratus foetens) foi efetuado em 14 animais, adultos,machos e fêmeas oriundos da região de Araçatuba (SP). Após a fixação em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10,00%, realizou-se a dissecação bilateral da origem dos plexos braquiais e sua distribuição. A análise permitiu verificar, que o plexo braquial do urubu, possui quatro troncos, os quais originam-se dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais cervicais onze (C11), doze (C12) e treze (C13) e dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais torácicos um (T1) e (T2) em 100% dos casos em ambos antímeros. O primeiro tronco parte de C11 nos antímeros direito e esquerdo, e da margem cranial do cordão dorsal partem os nervos subescapular, subcoracoescapular e supracoracóide; em ambos antímeros (100%). O segundo tronco origina-se de C12 em ambos antímeros, dando origem ao cordão dorsal, dele partem os nervos axilar, radial e anconeal (100%). O terceiro tronco do plexo origina-se unicamente de C13 (100%) e o quarto tronco de T1 em ambos antímeros (100%). Os troncos de C12, C13 e T1 unem-se dando origem ao cordão ventral, o qual partem os nervos medianoulnar que se divide em mediano e ulnar e os nervos peitorais (100%). T2 emite filamentos que se unem à raiz nervosa de T1, sendo um filamento (35,55%) e dois filamentos (64,29%) no antímero direito, enquanto que no esquerdo um filamento (42,85%), dois filamentos (50%) e três filamentos (7,15%

Ramificação e distribuição dos nervos frênicos no músculo diafragma do gato doméstico

The ramification and the distribution of the phrenic nerves right and left had been studied in 30 muscles diaphragms of unknown breed adult domestic cats, 7 males and 23 females, and were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. After fixation and dissection, it was observed that the phrenic nerves ramified for the respective carnous parts of the muscle diaphragm, pars lumbalis, costalis and sternalis, and had finished in higher frequency in dorsolateral trunk and ventral branch (63.33%). We observed the following arrangements: dorsal, ventral and lateral branches (25.0%); dorsal branch and ventrolateral trunk (6.66%); dorsolateral and ventrolateral trunks (3.33%); dorsolateral trunk, lateral and ventral branches (1.66%). The phrenic nerves had distributed symmetrically in 11 samples (36.66%), only showing the termination in dorsolateral trunk and ventral branch. The dorsal branches supplied pars lumbalis (73.33% to right and 56.66% to the left) and pars costalis (13.33% to right and 10.0% to the left). The right dorsal branch supplied the crus mediale dexter of the right pillar (100.0%) and the left dorsal branch supplied the crus mediale sinister of the right pillar and the left pillar (100.0%). The lateral branches supply pars lumbalis (23.33% to right and 33.33% to the left), pars costalis (96.66% to right and 100.0% to the left) and pars sternalis (3.33% only to the right). The ventral branches supplied the ventral region of pars costalis (46.66% to right and 43.33% to the left) and pars sternalis (96.66% to right and 100.0% to the left). Four female animals (13.33%) had shown fibers crossing proceeding from the left ventral branch for right antimere had been that in one of these samples (3.33%) occurred connection between the left ventral branch and the right.A ramificação e a distribuição dos nervos frênicos direito e esquerdo foram estudadas em 30 músculos diafragmas de gatos domésticos sem raça definida, 7 machos e 23 fêmeas, conservados em solução de formaldeído a 10%. Mediante fixação e dissecção, observou-se que os nervos frênicos se ramificaram para as respectivas partes carnosas do músculo diafragma, pars lumbalis, costalis e sternalis, e terminaram em maior freqüência em tronco dorsolateral e ramo ventral (63,33%). Notou-se ainda os seguintes arranjos: ramos dorsal, lateral e ventral (25,0%); ramo dorsal e tronco ventrolateral (6,66%); troncos dorsolateral e ventrolateral (3,33%); tronco dorsolateral, ramos lateral e ventral (1,66%). Os nervos frênicos se distribuíram simetricamente em 11 exemplares (36,66%), exibindo somente a terminação em tronco dorsolateral e ramo ventral. Os ramos dorsais inervaram a pars lumbalis (73,33% à direita e 56,66% à esquerda) e a pars costalis (13,33% à direita e 10,0% à esquerda). O ramo dorsal direito supriu a crus mediale dexter do pilar direito (100,0%) e o ramo dorsal esquerdo inervou a crus mediale sinister do pilar direito e o pilar esquerdo (100,0%). Os ramos laterais inervaram a pars lumbalis (23,33% à direita e 33,33% à esquerda), a pars costalis (96,66% à direita e 100,0% à esquerda) e a pars sternalis (3,33% somente à direita). Os ramos ventrais inervaram a região ventral da pars costalis (46,66% à direita e 43,33% à esquerda) e a pars sternalis (96,66% à direita e 100,0% à esquerda). Quatro animais fêmeas (13,33%) exibiram cruzamento de fibras provenientes do ramo ventral esquerdo para o antímero direito sendo que em um desses exemplares (3,33%) ocorreu conexão entre o ramo ventral esquerdo e o direito

Multilobular Tumor of Bone in a Dog

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is a primary bone neoplasm, uncommon in dogs. This tumor was called of many names for a long time, as: chondroma rodens, multilobular osteochondrosarcoma, multilobular osteoma, multilobular chondroma, calcificating aponeurotic fibroma, although MTB was preferred chosen, because these other name could be correlated with humans’ tumors. This tumor is observed specially in skull bone, although it was reported in zygomatic arc, hard palate, axilla, spine and penis. Mostly happen in big breeds dogs, and middle to old age patients. Clinical signs depending of region and how aggressive the tumor is, usually are related to compression of any structure. The growth of MTB is frequently slow and progressive, locally invasive, occurring relapse after surgical revomal, although the tumor has low to moderate metastatic potential. The aim of this study is to report a case of MTB in a female dog and describe anatomopathological changes.Case: A female dog, mixed breed, 13 year-old, of middleweight was admitted in Pathology Department of College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (FCAV-Unesp), Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, to be undergone to necropsy. The patient have never shown any epileptic crisis or neurologic signs. In macroscopic examination was found a mass in skull, which invaded the orbit and frontal sinus, but it was not invading brain cavity. The neoplasm had and irregular surface, firm consistent, color was white mixed to red areas, after cut it was granular and rough, and had some point mineralized areas. The lobs of lung had much firm masses, colored gray to white. In cytology it was observed fusiform to polyhedric isolated mesenchymal cells, moderated pleomorphic, basophilic cytoplasm, thin granulated nuclear chromatin, and visible nucleoli that was involved by eosinophilic extracellular matrix. The proposed diagnostic was bone sarcoma. Histopathological assessment showed mesenchymal neoplastic proliferation, and multilobular characteristic, the lobules had different sizes and was well organized, and they were separated by thin conjunctive septs. In the center of lobules, there was an “island” with mineralized or chondroitin bone matrix, in some of these islands there were osteoclast. The cells had moderated pleomorphism and low mitotic activity (three mitotic cells in ten high-power field). At least, it showed big necrosis areas and invasion of near tissue. In lung was observed metastatic areas, which had same histopathologic way of primary neoplasm in skull. That way, the histopathologic exam was similar to Multilobular tumor of bone grade II.Discussion: The MTB is an uncommon neoplasm, which assaults mostly skull bone in large breeds dogs and middle age of eight years old. This case accord to literature about breed size, age and local of tumor.  The clinical signs in this dog was related to region what it was growing and near structure compression. Besides that, the patient had lung metastasis, that is the principal metastatic sites according to literature. The Histopathologic exam showed the same characters of MTB, which was considered grade II according to literature. Despite MTB is an uncommon neoplasm in clinic of dogs and cats, the epidemiological knowns as age, breed and localization, anatomopathological changes, and histopathological exam allows to have a diagnosis, showing the importance of including this neoplasm in differential diagnosis of bone tumor in dogs.

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Resposta imune diferenciada no fígado e no baço de cães com leishmaniose visceral

Na Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) a resposta imune órgãoespecífica pode variar de acordo com o órgão afetado, favorecendo ou não a multiplicação do parasito Leishmania (L.) chagasi. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, por meio, da técnica de imuno-histoquímica, o fígado e o baço de cães com Leishmaniose Visceral (LV), considerando a carga parasitária, a densidade de células Natural Killer (NK), de macrófagos e de linfócitos, bem como, células em apoptose, de células expressando moléculas de MHC-II e as citocinas TGF-b e TNF- a. Estes resultados foram comparados com os diferentes estágios da doença. Utilizou-se 71 cães naturalmente infectados de área endêmica para LV, classificados nos grupos sintomático (S), assintomático (A) e oligossintomático (O). Um grupo controle foi composto por 10 cães de área não endêmica para LVC. As células positivas para os anticorpos CD56, caspase 3 clivada, MHC-II, TGF- , TNF- , MAC387, CD3 e para a carga parasitária (soro hiperimune de cão positivo para LVC) foram submetidas a testes não paramétricos para a comparação entre os grupos. O baço foi o órgão que apresentou a maior carga parasitária. A apoptose de linfócitos foi maior nos cães sintomáticos quando comparados ao grupo controle. A intensidade de inflamação foi elevada nos cães com doença avançada (grupo S), caracterizada pela formação de granulomas difusos contendo parasitos. O fígado mostrou menor carga parasitária, um perfil celular dos granulomas rico em linfócitos. A densidade de células NK foi baixa no fígado e baço, bem como a imunodetecção das citocinas TGF- e TNF- . A expressão de MHC-II foi maior no baço de cães do grupo S. Portanto, pode-se sugerir que existe um padrão de resposta diferenciado no baço e fígado, porém outra metodologia deveria ser utilizada para quantificar de forma mais precisa as citocinas TGF- e TNF- nestes órgãosIn Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (LVC), the immune response to organ-specific can vary with the affected organ, thus favoring or hindering the multiplication of the parasiteLeishmania (L.) chagasi. . The aim of this study was to analyze by immunohistochemistry, the liver and spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL), considering the parasitic load, the density of Natural Killer cells (NK), macrophages and lymphocytes, as well apoptosis cells, cells expressing molecules of MHC-II and the cytokines TGF- and TNF- . These results were compared with different stages of disease. We used 71 naturally infected dogs from an endemic area for VL, classifieds in the symptomatic (S), asymptomatic (A) and oligosymptomatic (O) groups. A control group consisted of 10 dogs from nonendemic area for LVC.The positive cells for CD56 antibody, cleaved caspase 3, MHC-II, TGF- , TNF- , MAC387, CD3 and parasite load (serum hyperimmune dog seropositive for VL) were subjected to nonparametric tests for comparison between groups. The spleen was the organ with the highest parasite load. The apoptosis of lymphocytes was higher in symptomatic dogs when compared to the control group. The intensity of inflammation was higher in dogs with advanced disease (group S), characterized by the formation of granulomas containing diffuse parasites. The liver showed lowest parasite load, a profile of cell granulomas rich in lymphocytes The density of NK cells was low in the liver and spleen and few cells were positive for cytokines TGF- and TNF- . Expression of MHC-II was higher in the spleen of dogs in Group S. Therefore, one may suggest that there is a differential pattern of response in the spleen and liver, but other methods should be used to quantify more accurately the cytokines TGF- and TNF- in these organ

Apoptose em linfonodos de cães com Leishmaniose Visceral

A linfadenomegalia generalizada é um aspecto da Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC), mas existem poucos estudos enfocando alterações no linfonodo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os linfonodos de cães com LVC, considerando a densidade de células apoptóticas. Utilizou-se 32 cães naturalmente infectados, de área endêmica para LVC, classificados nos grupos sintomático (S), assintomático (A) e oligossintomático (O). Os linfonodos foram colhidos para análise histopatológica. A avaliação da carga parasitária e porcentagem de apoptose foi feita pelo método de imunoistoquímica. Na avaliação histopatológica, no infiltrado dos linfonodos dos grupos O e S predominaram macrófagos e plasmócitos, envolvendo todas as regiões do linfonodo e causando distorção deste órgão pela presença de granulomas atípicos associados à atrofia linfóide nos casos crônicos. A carga parasitária e a densidade de células apoptóticas foram maiores nos cães sintomáticos, podendo estar associado à causa de atrofia linfóide, deixando-os mais susceptíveis a LVC. Os linfonodos subescapular e poplíteo foram os que apresentaram maior reatividade, porém a atrofia linfóide foi mais evidente neste último. Conclui-se que independente do quadro clínico, a resposta predominante foi granulomatosa e de plasmócitos. A associação entre a apoptose e a carga parasitária não foi significativa (P<0,05), mas parece ter importância biológica, já que cães (grupo S) com a maior carga parasitária, também tiveram o maior número de células apoptóticas, sugerindo um mecanismo de evasão imune do parasito, favorecendo sua sobrevivência e multiplicação no hospedeiro.The generalized lymphadenopathy is an aspect of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL), but there are few studies focusing on changes in the lymph node. The aim of this study was to examine the lymph nodes of dogs with CVL, considering the density of apoptotic cells. We used 32 dogs naturally infected in an endemic area for CVL, classified in groups symptomatic (S), asymptomatic (A) and oligosymptomatic (O). The lymph nodes were collected for histopathological analysis. The evaluation of parasite load and percentage of apoptosis was performed by immunohistochemistry. Histopathology, macrophages and plasma cells predominated in the infiltrate of the lymph nodes of groups O and S, involving all regions of the lymph node and forming granulomas associated with lymphoid atrophy in chronic cases. The parasite load and the density of apoptotic cells were higher in symptomatic dogs, which may be linked to causing lymphoid atrophy, leaving the dog more susceptible to LVC. The subscapular and popliteal lymph nodes were those with higher reactivity, but the lymphoid atrophy was most evident in the popliteal lymph node. It follows that regardless of the clinical picture, the predominant response was granulomatous and plasma cells. The association between apoptosis and the parasite load was not significant (P <0.05), but seems to have biological importance, since it was observed that dogs (group S) with the highest parasite load, also had the highest number of apoptotic cells, suggesting a mechanism for immune evasion of the parasite, promoting their survival and multiplication in the host.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Arranjos configurados pelos nervos do plexo braquial no urubu (Coragyps atratus foetens - Linnaeus, 1758)

The anatomical study of the origin and distribution of brachial plexus in vulture (Coragyps atratus foetens) was performed in 14 animals, adults, males and females, deriving of the region of Araçatuba (SP). After fixed in watery solution of formaldehyde 10,00%, became dissected bilateral of the origin of the brachial plexus, and yours distribution. The analysis allowed verify that brachial plexus of vulture, four root possess, which originate from the ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves eleven (C11), twelve (C12) and thirteen (C13) and of the ventral branches of thoracic spinal nerve one (T1) and (T2) in both sides (100%). The first root part of C11 in the right and left side, and of the edge skull of the dorsal lace the nerves subescapular, subcoracoescapular e supracoracóide in both antímeros (100%). As the root originates from C12 in both sides, giving origin to the dorsal lace, giving the axilar, radial and anconeal nerves (100%). The third root of plexus originates solely from C13 (100%) and the root of T1 in both sides (100%). The roots of C12, C13 and T1 was united the ventral lace originates, which breaks the nerves to medianoulnar that divided in medium and to ulnar and the pectoral nerves (100%). T2 emits filaments that join it root nervous of T1, being one filament (35,55%) and two filaments (64,29%) in side right, while that in the left one filament (42,85%), two filaments (50%) and three filaments (7,15%)