11,161 research outputs found
G181.1+9.5, a new high-latitude low-surface brightness supernova remnant
More than 90% of the known Milky Way supernova remnants are within 5 degrees
of the Galactic Plane. We present the discovery of the supernova remnant
G181.1+9.5, a new high-latitude SNR, serendipitously discovered in an ongoing
survey of the Galactic Anti-centre High-Velocity Cloud complex, observed with
the DRAO Synthesis Telescope in the 21~cm radio continuum and HI spectral line.
We use radio continuum observations (including the linearly polarized
component) at 1420~MHz (observed with the DRAO ST) and 4850~MHz (observed with
the Effelsberg 100-m radio telescope) to map G181.1+9.5 and determine its
nature as a SNR. High-resolution 21~cm HI line observations and HI emission and
absorption spectra reveal the physical characteristics of its local
interstellar environment. Finally, we estimate the basic physical parameters of
G181.1+9.5 using models for highly-evolved SNRs. G181.1+9.5 has a circular
shell-like morphology with a radius of about 16~pc at a distance of 1.5 kpc
some 250 pc above the mid-plane. The radio observations reveal highly linearly
polarized emission with a non-thermal spectrum. Archival ROSAT X-ray data
reveal high-energy emission from the interior of G181.1+9.5 indicative of the
presence of shock-heated ejecta. The SNR is in the advanced radiative phase of
SNR evolution, expanding into the HVC inter-cloud medium with a density of
1^{-3}$. Basic physical attributes of G181.1+9.5 calculated with radiative
SNR models show an upper-limit age of 16,000 years, a swept-up mass of more
than 300 solar masses, and an ambient density in agreement with that estimated
from HI observations. G181.1+9.5 shows all characteristics of a typical mature
shell-type SNR, but its observed faintness is unusual and requires further
study.Comment: A&A accepted, 11 pages, 13 figure
The Fragmenting Superbubble Associated with the HII Region W4
New observations at high latitudes above the HII region W4 show that the
structure formerly identified as a chimney candidate, an opening to the
Galactic halo, is instead a superbubble in the process of fragmenting and
possibly evolving into a chimney. Data at high Galactic latitudes (b > 5
degrees) above the W3/W4 star forming region at 1420 and 408 MHz Stokes I
(total power) and 1420 MHz Stokes Q and U (linear polarization) reveal an
egg-shaped structure with morphological correlations between our data and the
H-alpha data of Dennison, Topasna, & Simonetti. Polarized intensity images show
depolarization extending from W4 up the walls of the superbubble, providing
strong evidence that the radio continuum is generated by thermal emission
coincident with the H-alpha emission regions. We conclude that the parts of the
HII region hitherto known as W4 and the newly revealed thermal emission are all
ionized by the open cluster OCl 352. Assuming a distance of 2.35 kpc, the ovoid
structure is 164 pc wide and extends 246 pc above the mid-plane of the Galaxy.
The shell's emission decreases in total-intensity and polarized intensity in
various locations, appearing to have a break at its top and another on one
side. Using a geometric analysis of the depolarization in the shell's walls, we
estimate that a magnetic field line-of-sight component of 3 to 5 uG exists in
the shell. We explore the connection between W4 and the Galactic halo,
considering whether sufficient radiation can escape from the fragmenting
superbubble to ionize the kpc-scale H-alpha loop discovered by Reynolds,
Sterling & Haffner.Comment: 42 pages, 14 figures; Accepted for publication in Ap
Ballastic signature identification systems study
The results are described of an attempt to establish a uniform procedure for documenting (recording) expended bullet signatures as effortlessly as possible and to build a comprehensive library of these signatures in a form that will permit the automated comparison of a new suspect bullet with the prestored library. The ultimate objective is to achieve a standardized format that will permit nationwide interaction between police departments, crime laboratories, and other interested law enforcement agencies
Structure and formation energy of carbon nanotube caps
We present a detailed study of the geometry, structure and energetics of
carbon nanotube caps. We show that the structure of a cap uniquely determines
the chirality of the nanotube that can be attached to it. The structure of the
cap is specified in a geometrical way by defining the position of six pentagons
on a hexagonal lattice. Moving one (or more) pentagons systematically creates
caps for other nanotube chiralities. For the example of the (10,0) tube we
study the formation energy of different nanotube caps using ab-initio
calculations. The caps with isolated pentagons have an average formation energy
0.29+/-0.01eV/atom. A pair of adjacent pentagons requires a much larger
formation energy of 1.5eV. We show that the formation energy of adjacent
pentagon pairs explains the diameter distribution in small-diameter nanotube
samples grown by chemical vapor deposition.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures (gray scale only due to space); submitted to Phys.
Rev.
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Co-occurring risk factors for alcohol dependence and habitual smoking.
Smoking and alcohol dependence frequently occur together, and both behaviors are determined in part by genetic influences. The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), which is investigating the genetic factors contributing to alcohol dependence, also allows for analyses of the genetic factors determining smoking. Using a sample comprised of alcoholics and their closest (i.e., first-degree) relatives as well as a community-based control sample, COGA investigators found that both alcohol dependence and habitual smoking were transmitted within families. This familial transmission resulted from both common and drug-specific influences, which likely include genetic factors. Further genetic studies (i.e., candidate gene studies and genomic screening approaches) have identified several DNA regions that may contain genes that confer a susceptibility for alcoholism. Some of those genes also may contribute to the risk for habitual smoking
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