The formation of primary education principals in educational reforms in Mexico

En México, como en otros países de América Latina, los directores de educación primaria no reciben una formación inicial para las funciones que llegan a desempeñar. Sin embargo, en el marco de las reformas educativas asisten a cursos ofertados por la autoridad educativa federal. Por eso con el objetivo de recuperar las acciones y resultados de formación implementadas en las reformas educativas en México de 1992 a 2016, esta investigación presenta un análisis sobre esos programas de formación. A partir de una revisión documental se construyeron cuatro categorías de análisis: programas implementados en cada sexenio; las instancias o responsables de brindar esa formación; los procesos o estrategias implementados; y los resultados obtenidos en cada programa. Los principales hallazgos son: en el transcurso de cinco sexenios sólo han existido 3 programas de formación; pero las estrategias y actores utilizados no fueron las correctas; finalmente, las valoraciones que son más cuantitativas que cualitativas indican que sí impactaron en la formaciónIn Mexico, as in other Latin America countries, primary schools principals do not receive initial formation for their functions as principals. However, as part of the actions of educational reforms, they attend courses provided by the federal educational authority. So, with the objective of recovering the formation actions and results implemented in educational reforms in Mexico since 1992 to 2106, this research presents an analysis about that principals formation programs. Through a documental review, four categories of analysis were elaborated: programs implemented in each six–year period; responsible for providing such formation; processes or strategies implemented in each program; and results in each program. The main findings are: over the course of five six–year period there have been 3 formation programs; but strategies and trainers were no the right ones; finally, evaluations that are more quantitative than qualitative indicate that they did impact the formatio

Avances y limitantes en el tratamiento del agua residual del estado de Zacatecas

Rivera, P., Chávez, R., & Rivera-Salinas, F. (enero-febrero, 2018). Avances y limitantes en el tratamiento del agua residual del estado de Zacatecas. Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, 9(1), 113-123, DOI: 10.24850/j-tyca-2018-01-08.     El tratamiento del agua residual y el que éstas cumplan la(s) norma(s) establecida(s) es uno de los grandes retos gubernamentales. Sin embargo, los diferentes contextos demandan acciones acordes con las necesidades y características de cada lugar. En los últimos diez años, en el estado de Zacatecas, México, se han construido una serie de plantas de tratamiento con el objetivo de contribuir al saneamiento de las cuencas hidrológicas. Sin embargo, a pesar de estos avances en la infraestructura, es necesario analizar el funcionamiento y tratamiento de las plantas estatales, a fin de clarificar los retos en la materia. Para efectuar este trabajo se consultaron cuatro fuentes clave: Inventario y situación actual de las plantas de tratamiento del estado de Zacatecas (Rivera-Salinas, 2011); el Inventario nacional de plantas municipales de potabilización y de tratamiento de aguas residuales en operación (Conagua, 2011); el Diagnóstico de las plantas de tratamiento de agua residual (PTAR, 2014) y, finalmente, el Inventario de la Secretaría de Agua y Medio Ambiente (SAMA, 2017). Se encontró que sólo un 53% de las plantas opera, el resto presenta problemas diversos que muestran la incapacidad municipal para paliar los problemas de tratamiento (p. ej., plantas obsoletas, bajo nivel de tratamiento, incapacidad financiera de los municipios y personal no capacitado, entre otros), obligando al gobierno a intervenir y centralizar el tratamiento en zonas urbanas, con plantas con tecnología avanzada. Ello significa una no eficiente descentralización de servicios y una baja coordinación entre municipios, factores indispensables a retomar en una planificación de mediano y largo plazos

Impact of the Jamapa River Basin on the Gulf of Mexico

The Jamapa River basin is located in the central region of the State of Veracruz, it is born in the Pico de Orizaba and connects with the Veracruz Reef System in the Gulf of Mexico, both protected natural areas. The lower part of the basin has the contribution of two important effluents, Arroyo Moreno, which is a protected natural area, strongly impacted due to municipal discharges from the metropolitan cities Veracruz-Boca del Río-Medellín. And the Estero, which is part of a complex aquatic system that discharges its waters from the Lagunar Mandinga system to the Gulf of Mexico. Currently, there is a diversity of chemical and biological compounds that the basin receives from different sources of freshwater pollution, such as industrial waste, sewage, agricultural and urban runoff, and the accumulation of sediments. The climatic seasons are the determining factors in the composition of its sediments, due to the force exerted on the bottom of the river by the increase in rainfall, the force of the winds mainly in the north wind season, where the greatest quantity of polluting materials

Use of tropical macrophytes in wastewater treatment

Macrophytes in natural wetlands are the plants responsible for nutrient uptake and seem to be an efficient option in phytoremediation systems. a) Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptation process of ornamental macrophytes fed with university wastewater, through physiological measurements before and after planting in a HC (constructed wetland) in a tropical climate. b) The study was divided into two stages. 0.5 x 2. 0 m, three fractions were evaluated at 50%, 75%, 100% from university wastewater and natural water (white), where the following species were placed: Strelitzia reginae, Alpinia purpurata, Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Cyperus papyrus, Pistia stratiotes, Iris germánica, Spathiphyllum wallisii, Ruellia brittoniana, Pennisetum purpureum and Heliconia psittacorum, remaining for a period of 40 days.  Subsequently, the individuals were seeded and evaluated in an HC to finalise the adaptation period. The physiological variables measured were % survival, stem thickness, number of flowers and indirect chlorophyll. Biomass was included as a growth variable for the second stage. c) The results showed that during the first stage in the containers of the 14 initial species, a total of 11 species survived, i.e. 78.5% of the total, which made it possible to observe the type of plants with the greatest capacity to survive in high concentrations of contaminants, thus obtaining the priority in which these would be planted. d) They also indicated that there were significant differences (p=0.005) regarding physiology for all the HC species, showing better adaptation for Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Ruellia brittoniana, Alpinia purpurata, Cyperus papyrus and Heliconia psittacorum. e) These results demonstrate the macrophytes with greater adaptation as phytoremediation plants in HC systems in tropical climates, resulting from the feeding of university wastewaterObjective: To evaluate the adaptation process of ornamental tropical macrophytes irrigated with wastewater, through physiological measurements before and after planting in a tropical constructed wetland (CW). Design/Methodology/Approach: Three fractions were evaluated with 50%, 75%, and 100% wastewater and natural water (blank) in 0.5 × 2.0 m fiberglass containers. The following species were placed in the containers during 40 days: Strelitzia reginae, Alpinia purpurata, Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Cyperus papyrus, Pistia stratiotes, Spathiphyllum wallisii, Ruellia brittoniana, Pasto pennisetum, Solenostemon scutellarioides, Iresine herbstii, Lantana camara, Duranta eracta golden, and Asparagus densiflorus. Subsequently, the individuals —including Heliconia psittacorum and Iris germanica— were planted and evaluated in a CW after the adaptation period, in order to replace the macrophyte lost during the said period. The following physiological variables were measured: survival percentage, stem thickness, number of flowers, chlorophyll index, and biomass (as a growth variable). Results: During the first stage (containers), only 11 out of the 14 initial species survived (78.5%), which allowed us to establish which plants had the highest survival capacity in high concentrations of pollutants. These results determined the priority with which these would be planted in the CW. Study Limitations/Implications: Significant physiological differences were observed (p ≤ 0.005) in all CW species. Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Ruellia brittoniana, Alpinia purpurata, Cyperus papyrus, and Heliconia psittacorum recorded better adaptation. Findings/Conclusions: The macrophytes studied show great adaptation as phytoremediative plants in tropical CW systems; however, their physiological development is different

PROTOTIPO DIDÁCTICO DE CONTROL DE MOTORES DE INDUCCIÓN TRIFÁSICOS (DIDACTIC PROTOTYPE FOR 3-PH INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROL)

ResumenEn las instituciones públicas uno de los principales problemas es la falta de equipos con el cual los estudiantes realicen prácticas que les permitan desarrollar competencias en el control de motores eléctricos. El prototipo desarrollado está formado por un módulo versátil para realizar prácticas de laboratorio sobre el control del motor de inducción trifásico utilizando modulación de onda cuadrada de 180º y la técnica SVPWM. El prototipo fue validado empleando técnicas de control con lógica digital básica y el uso de DSPs para las técnicas de control avanzado como la SVPWM logrando obtener frecuencias y tensiones variables para el control óptimo del motor de inducción trifásico.Palabras clave: Variador de velocidad, Accionamiento trifásico, Motor de Inducción trifásico.AbstractIn public institutions, one of the main problems is the lack of equipment with which students carry out practices that allow them to develop skills in the control of electric motors. The developed prototype is formed by a versatile module to perform laboratory practices on the control of the three-phase induction motor using 180º square wave modulation and the SVPWM technique. The prototype was validated using control techniques with basic digital logic and the use of DSPs for advanced control techniques such as SVPWM, obtaining variable frequencies and voltages for optimal control of the three-phase induction motor.Keywords: Variable speed drive, three-phase drive, three-phase induction motor

Toxicidad de diurón, Glifosato y Paraquat en postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana (Decapoda: Caridea) de la parte sur del estuario del Río Jamapa, Veracruz, SW del Golfo de México

Background. The southern zone of the estuary of the Jamapa River, Veracruz, is a place of transition between the river and the marine environment to which sediments, compounds, and species of crustaceans are transported to the neritic zone where is the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Objective. The responses of exposure of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae to diuron, glyphosate, and paraquat, as well as the relative abundance, diversity of the association of crustaceans, and values of temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, and dissolved solids in the estuary were evaluated. Methods. Sampling was carried out with white light traps in November and March. Living Potimirim mexicana postlarvae were obtained from the samples to carry out the bioassays; the remaining individuals of the association were fixed in 70% alcohol for identification and quantification. The environmental factors were measured using a multiparameter Hanna HI 9828. Results. Dissolved oxygen was of 6-7 mgL-1, pH of 8-9, temperature of 26-27° C, total dissolved solids of 700-1,500 ppm and salinity of 0.70-16 ups. Environmental conditions permit the presence of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae. Six taxa were found: postlarvae of Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii and Potimirim mexicana, megalopae of Callinectes sapidus and Armases ricordi, and zoeae of Brachyura. Diversity ranged from 1.55 to 1.77 bits*individual-1, indicating an intermediate stability of the estuary. A total of 12,827 postlarvae of P. mexicana were obtained. The LC50 values of diuron, paraquat, and glyphosate were 5.94, 1.51, and 221.05 mgL-1, respectively. Conclusions. The values found here are consistent with those obtained by other authors for different species of crustaceans. Due to the important ecological in the food web of P. mexicana, its postlarvae can be used as sensitive test organisms in ecotoxicological studies.Antecedentes. La zona sur del estuario del río Jamapa, Veracruz, es un lugar de transición entre el río y el medio marino al que se transportan sedimentos, compuestos y especies de crustáceos hasta la zona nerítica donde se encuentra el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Objetivo. Se evaluaron las respuestas de exposición de las postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana a diurón, glifosato y paraquat, así como la abundancia relativa, diversidad de asociación de crustáceos y valores de temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno, pH y sólidos disueltos en el estuario. Métodos. El muestreo se realizó con trampas de luz blanca en noviembre y marzo. De las muestras se obtuvieron postlarvas vivas de Potimirim mexicana para realizar los bioensayos; los restantes individuos de la asociación se fijaron en alcohol al 70% para su identificación y cuantificación. Los factores ambientales se midieron utilizando un multiparamétrico Hanna HI 9828. Resultados. El oxígeno disuelto fue de 6-7 mgL-1, pH de 8-9, temperatura de 26-27 ° C, sólidos disueltos totales de 700-1,500 ppm y salinidad de 0,70-16 ups. Las condiciones ambientales permiten la presencia de postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana. Se encontraron seis taxones: postlarvas de Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii y Potimirim mexicana, megalopas de Callinectes sapidus y Armases ricordi y zoeas de Brachyura. La diversidad osciló entre 1,55 y 1,77 bits*individuo-1, lo que indica una estabilidad intermedia del estuario. Se obtuvieron un total de 12,827 postlarvas de P. mexicana. Los valores de LC50 de diurón, paraquat y glifosato fueron 5.94, 1.51 y 221.05 mgL-1, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los valores aquí encontrados son consistentes con los obtenidos por otros autores para diferentes especies de crustáceos. Debido a la importancia ecológica en la trama trófica de P. mexicana, sus postlarvas pueden usarse como organismos de prueba sensibles en estudios ecotoxicológicos

Efecto de la Malnutrición en el rendimiento escolar de las y los adolescentes de Quinto semestre de la preparatoria plantel I de la UAZ. Semestre agosto-diciembre 2020

Los problemas nutricionales y sus consecuencias son una de las mayores preocupaciones de los países en desarrollo. Este trabajo determina el grado de malnutrición y el efecto en el rendimiento escolar de las y los adolescentes de dos grupos del bachillerato Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, de quinto semestre de la Preparatoria Plantel I de la UAZ, para posteriormente proponer estrategias que disminuyan el problema de la malnutrición. El diseño metodológico que se empleó para el desarrollo de este trabajo de investigación, tiene enfoque de tipo cuantitativo e interpretativo. Los resultados reflejan que no existe una relación entre variables, no obstante, se pueden presentar efectos negativos en otras áreas, sobre todo en lo que respecta a la salud y que puedan desencadenar problemas que causen un bajo rendimiento académico

Effect of open field crop management on the floral development of gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the effect of open field crop management on gardenia flower development Design/methodology/approach: A randomized block design was used with a factorial arrangement of two factors conformed by field management (four levels: M1 = old plant in natural shade; M2 and M3 = old plant in full sun and M4 = mature plant in full sun) and the floral stages (eight levels: tender, lemony, striped, white, star, caracolled, open and yellow). Eight morphological descriptors were measured: flower weight, perianth length, perianth diameter, calyx length, calyx diameter, corolla width, number of sepals, and length of sepals. Results: The analysis of variance allowed to identify of highly significant differences (P ? 0.05) in the variables weight, perianth length, calyx length and diameter, number of sepals, and length of sepals for the management-stage interaction. In handling M1 and M2, the caracolled flower reached a weight greater than 2.94 ± 0.08 g with a perianth diameter of 60.66 ± 1.23 mm. The open flower presented the largest corolla width of 37.39 ± 1.07 mm. The white button cataloged from the commercial point of view in the category of buttons, according to weight, perianth diameter, and width of the corolla, presented flower characteristics; thus, classifying the floral development in three stages for buttons and five for flowers. Findings/conclusions: Cultivation management with natural shade increases the size of the flowers in terms of weight, perianth diameter, and corolla width. These descriptors can be used as quality criteria when selecting the flower. In addition, the open and caracolled flower can contain the largest reserve of volatile components and, as they are not commercial qualities, it could be used in the extraction of compounds to produce cosmetics.Objective: To analyze the effect of open field crop management on gardenia flower development Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized block design was used with a factorial arrangement of two factors conformed by field management (four levels: M1 = old plant in natural shade; M2 and M3 = old plant in full sun and M4 = mature plant in full sun) and the floral stages (eight levels: tender, lemony, striped, white, star, caracolled, open and yellow). Eight morphological descriptors were measured: flower weight, perianth length, perianth diameter, calyx length, calyx diameter, corolla width, number of sepals, and length of sepals. Results: The analysis of variance allowed to identify highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the variables weight, perianth length, calyx length and diameter, number of sepals, and length of sepals for the management-stage interaction. In handling M1 and M2, the caracolled flower reached a weight greater than 2.94 ± 0.08 g with a perianth diameter of 60.66 ± 1.23 mm. The open flower presented the largest corolla width of 37.39 ± 1.07 mm. The white button cataloged from the commercial point of view in the category of buttons, according to weight, perianth diameter, and width of the corolla, presented flower characteristics, thus classifying the floral development in three stages for buttons and five for flowers. Findings/Conclusions: Crop management with natural shade increases the size of the flowers in terms of weight, perianth diameter, and corolla width. These descriptors can be used as quality criteria when selecting the flower. In addition, the open and caracolled flower can contain the largest reserve of volatile components and, as they are not commercial qualities, it could be used in the extraction of compounds to produce cosmetics

Presencia de formas parasitarias de importancia zoonótica en arena de playas que inciden en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano

Background. The Veracruz coastal zone in Mexico has a vast coastline where different tourist (use of beaches), economic (urban-port, commercial, and gastronomic), social, cultural, and sports activities are carried out. In Mexico, the only regulation that refers to the quality of beaches is NMX-AA-120-SCFI-2016, in which the absence of fecal matter is determined as an indicator of its sanitary quality. However, the inadequate management of fecal material in recreational beaches compromises public health and contributes to water and sand quality deterioration. Objective. To evaluate the presence of parasitic forms of zoonotic importance in the sand of the beaches of the Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area that affect the Veracruz Reef System National Park. Methods. A total of 100 samples of beach sand and 19 samples of fecal matter were taken in the period from June to October 2021. The analyzes were carried out at the Boca del Río Technological Institute/Aquatic Resources Research Laboratory by the Willis flotation technique and cup sedimentation. The presence of helminths was identified and quantified as bioindicators of fecal matter contamination. Results. Of the sand samples, 28 % were positive for parasitic forms with a recovery of 112 parasitic forms, of which 67.85 % correspond to parasites of the genus Strongyloides sp. and Hookworms. 32.35 % corresponds to non-pathogenic parasites for humans. Of the fecal matter samples collected, only 42.1 % showed positivity to the parasitized forms mentioned above. Conclusions. The presence of parasitic pathogenic forms in the sand samples indicates fecal contamination, which compromises the sanitary and environmental quality of the beach sand of the Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area and the Veracruz Reef System National Park.Antecedentes. La zona costera de Veracruz cuenta con un amplio litoral en donde se realizan diferentes actividades turísticas (uso de playas), económicas (urbano-portuario, comercial y gastronómico), sociales, culturales y deportivas. En México, la única norma que hace referencia a la calidad de playas es la NMX-AA120-SCFI-2016, en la cual se determina la ausencia de materia fecal como indicador de su calidad sanitaria; sin embargo, el inadecuado manejo de la materia fecal canina en playas recreativas compromete la salud pública y contribuye al deterioro de la calidad del agua y arena. Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de formas parasitarias de importancia zoonótica en arena de playas de la zona conurbada Veracruz-Boca del Río que inciden en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Métodos. Se tomaron en total 100 muestras de arena de playa y 19 muestras de materia fecal en el período comprendido de junio a octubre de 2021. Los análisis se realizaron en el Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río/Laboratorio de Investigación de Recursos Acuáticos, por la técnica de flotación de Willis y sedimentación en copa. Se identificó y cuantificó la presencia de helmintos como bioindicadores de contaminación por materia fecal. Resultados. 28 % de las muestras fueron positivas a formas parasitarias con una recuperación de 112 formas parasitarias, de las cuales el 67.74 % corresponden a parásitos del género Strongyloides sp. y anquilostomídeos. El 32.35 % corresponde a parásitos no patógenos para el hombre. De las muestras de materia fecal recolectadas solo 42.1 % mostraron positividad a formas parasitadas mencionadas anteriormente. Conclusiones. La presencia de formas parasitarias patógenas en las muestras de arena es un indicio de contaminación fecal que pone en riesgo la calidad sanitaria y ambiental de las playas arenosas de la zona conurbada Veracruz-Boca del Río y del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano