The H-Line Signed Graph of a Signed Graph

For standard terminology and notion in graph theory we refer the reader to Harary; the non-standard will be given in this paper as and when required. We treat only finite simple graphs without self loops and isolates

Detection of novel probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus spp. in the workers of Indian honeybee, Apis cerana indica

Many insects are known to have microorganisms in the gut which can play an important role in their nutrition. In the present study, we report the presence of probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus spp. in the gut of the honeybee sub species Apis cerana indica collected from different parts of Karnataka, India which play a very significant role in the general health maintenance of the host. Total bacterial genomic DNA was extracted from the midguts of the worker honeybee sub species Apis cerana indica, collected from different parts of Karnataka and amplified using PCR, with 16S rRNA primers. The amplified PCR products were purified and sequenced directly. This partial, 16S rDNA sequences from Apis cerana indica revealed the presence of novel bacterial flora composed of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which originated in the honey stomach of the Indian honeybee (Genbank accession number: EU392167) which has a putative health-conferring properties of probiotics. © 2010

Influence of growth factors on the plant pathogens by select suppression of Pseudomonads

Non-Peer ReviewedRhizobacteria were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of damping-off pathogens such as Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani and common root rot pathogen, Cochliobolus sativus. The level of antagonism by Pseudomonads 63-28, U-14 and Ral-3 was examined on solid growth media under varying conditions of temperature, pH, and sources of C, N, and amino acids. In vitro antibiosis of the pathogens was greatly influenced by environmental and nutritional conditions. Generally, antagonism was greatest at 25-300C and decreased at 400 C. The influence of pH appears to be rhizobacteria and pathogen dependent. For example, optimum inhibition of P. ultimum growth by 63-28 was between pH 4.6-6.0, whereas, optimum inhibition of R. solani growth by U-14 was at 7.6-9.1. Growth inhibition of C. sativus by Ral-3 was pH independent. Mannitol or trehalose strongly enhanced the antifungal activity of 63-28, whereas lactose had a negative effect. Antagonism of 63-28, U-14 and Ral-3 was enhanced by nitrogen sources tested except NaNO2 on U-14. The influence of the amino acids did not effect Ral-3, but, antibiosis by 63-28 was increased by amino acids phenylalanine, arginine, or histidine. U-14's activity was increased with the addition of proline, serine, or arginine. The results from this study clearly show that growth factors have a significant impact on microbial antagonism

Shell Banding Pattern and Chromosomal Studies on the Giant African Snail, Achatina Fulica (Bowdich) (Achatinidae: Gastropoda)

A pioneer report on the shell banding, chirality (shell coiling) and chromosomal studies on populations of the giant African snail, Achatina fulica (Bowdich) (Achatinidae: Gastropoda) occurring in Bengaluru region is detailed in this paper. Shell coiling in A. fulica was found to be dextral and significant variation in banding pattern within and between populations was observed. The chromosome number from well spread diakinesis and metaphase stages of meiosis in ovotestis is found to be n=30 and 2n=60, which is similar to earlier works, also the similarity in different stages is in agreement with the earlier reports

DRUG INTERACTION INDUCED PHENYTOIN TOXICITY: A CASE REPORT

Phenytoin is a narrow therapeutic indexed antiepileptic drug. Many drugs competitively inhibit isoenzymes responsible for its metabolism when concurrently administered and increases the phenytoin plasma concentration leading to serious adverse effects. One such case is being reported with phenytoin toxicity due to concurrent administration of phenytoin and Isoniazid

CUSTOMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR AT MARUTHI PULVERISERS, CHITRADURGA, KARNATAKA

Worldwide utilization designs are impractical. Clearly proficiency gains and innovative advances are not sufficiently adequate to support worldwide utilization. In this way, shoppers need to zero in on economical utilization, while organizations coordinate practices on feasible creation. The reason for this study was to look at customers' purchasing conduct and shoppers' demeanor on manageable creation and utilization in the food and refreshment area. The hypothetical foundation of the review depended on the ideas of customer purchasing conduct, supportability and feasible turn of events. The observational piece of the review was led by a quantitative exploration technique. The information assortment was carried out through an organized web-based survey that was planned to examine a general purchaser purchasing conduct and respondents' inspiration on moving its dog lease purchasing conduct towards economical food decisions. The exploration discoveries showed a positive inspiration and mentality of customers to conform to more practical utilization designs and their eagerness to add to the supportability progress as a person. It has been distinguished that buyers should make towards brands, which conveys execution in view of manageability. Because of limits in the explored populace among understudies in Finland and geological area, there are different conceivable outcomes to concentrate on the analyzed subject with future executions of the examinatio

Indole Acetic Acid-Producing and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria From the Rhizosphere of Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum L.) in Bali, Indonesia

Clove plants are routinely fertilized with synthetic fertilizer to increase yield. The use of synthetic fertilizer reduces soil productivity. Biofertilizer can be used as an alternative for increasing soil fertility. The goal of this study was to determine the potency of bacteria isolates capable of producing indole acetic acid (IAA) hormone and solubilizing phosphate, and to identify bacteria species from the rhizosphere of clove plants. Soil samples were collected from the clove plants’ rhizosphere, environmental parameters were measured, the potency of IAA-producing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria was analyzed, and bacteria were molecularly identified. After 48 hours of incubation, isolate TCKI 5 from Karangasem produced the highest IAA hormone levels (19.64 ppm), and isolate TCBP 6 from Buleleng had the highest index of solubilizing phosphate (1.91). A compatibility test between the three best isolates of IAA hormone-producing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria revealed that TCKI 5 was able to associate with TCBP 6. Isolate TCKI 5 was identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata C107 with a 99.92% similarity, and isolate TCBP 6 as Burkholderia cepacia GJ8 with a 99.61% similarity. Keywords: Bacteria, clove, Indole Acetic Acid, phosphate, rhizospher

Horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in the honeybee subspecies Apis mellifera carnica and its ectoparasite Varroa destructor

ABSTRACT Recent studies have revealed that the prevalence of Wolbachia in arthropods is attributable not only to its vertical transmission, but also to its horizontal transfer. Horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in the host/ parasite community was assessed between the honeybee subspecies Apis mellifera carnica and its ectoparasite Varroa destructor, because Wolbachia has been implicated in reproductive alterations in many insects. We first report the vectorial horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in these host/ parasite community, detected by diagnostic PCR amplification of the 16S rDNA genes followed by direct sequencing. Identical sequences were found in these host/parasite communities suggesting horizontal transmission of Wolbachia. Interestingly, the infected bees may transmit Wolbachia transovarially making it abundant worldwide

Climate Change and Its Potential Impacts on Insect-Plant Interactions

The most dynamic and global environmental issue to date is climate change. The consequences of greenhouse effect and climate change from rising temperatures, frequent droughts, irregular rainfall, etc. are already evident. Insects and plants are affected by climate change and extreme weather events and the direct impact of anthropogenic climate change has been reported on every continent, in every ocean and in most major taxonomic groups. In the modern period, as a result of natural cycles and anthropogenic activities and their effects on the global climate, plants are typically susceptible to new environmental factors, i.e. higher levels solar radiation, rise in temperatures, greenhouse effect and changes in rainfall patterns over the seasons. Increased temperatures, CO2 and rapid changes in rainfall patterns can dramatically alter the biochemistry of plants and thus plant defence responses. This can have important implications in insect fertility, feeding rates, survival, population size, and dispersal. The relationships between plants and insects are thus changed with significant consequences for food security and natural ecosystems. Similarly, mismatches between plants and insect pollinators are caused by the acceleration of plant phenology by warming. Human nutrition which depends on insect pollination can be affected with reduction in plant reproduction and fitness. Thus, understanding abiotic stress reactions in plants and insects is relevant and challenging in agriculture. In the preparation and implementation of effective strategies for future insect pest management programmes, the impact of climate change on crop production, mediated by changes in the populations of extreme insect pests should be carefully considered

Rhizobacterial influence on healthy stand establishment of canola grown in Rhizoctonia solani infested fields of Saskatchewan

Non-Peer ReviewedPre-emergence seedling damping-off, seedling blight, and brown girdling root rot caused by R. solani are important diseases of canola/rape seed in western Canada. Annual yield losses in excess of 20-30% have been reported in several infected fields. Cultural control methods or resistant cultivars are currently unavailable for these diseases. Chemical fungicides have been developed for use to control the disease, but the success rate has been varied. However, the use of chemicals is becoming less acceptable from an environmental point of view. Several studies indicated that biological control using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria may also be effective in controlling R. solani. Field plots were established in Saskatoon, Regina and Melfort, SK, in 1990, 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the potential of rhizobacterial strains as seed treatments to increase the healthy stand of canola CV. Westar grown in R. solani infested field. The bacteria were formulated either in sterile peat or in a liquid carrier and applied to seed just before planting. Bacterized seed were mechanically planted in replicated field plots artificially infested with R. solani. Final healthy stand was measured 30 days after planting. Grain yields were determined by harvesting the plots. Seed bacterization significantly increased the final healthy stand compared to non-bacterized controls. Strains which increased stand showed in vitro antagonistic activity to not only R. solani but also other pathogens such as Pythium ultimum, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum. Some of these strains induced root elongation of canola under laboratory conditions. Rhizosphere colonization, chemical compatibility and shelf-life of the important bacteria will be discussed