Preparation and Characterization of NiO Thin Films by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

Nickel oxide (NiO) thin films were successfully deposited on Corning 7059 glass substrates at different oxygen partial pressures in the range of 1 × 10 – 4 to 9 × 10 – 4 mbar using dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique. Structural properties of NiO films showed polycrystalline nature with cubic structure along (220) orientation. The optical transmittance and band gap values of the films increased with increasing the oxygen partial pressure from 1 × 10 – 4 to 5 × 10 – 4 mbar and decreased on further increasing the oxygen partial pressure. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), fine grains were observed at oxygen partial pressure of 5 × 10 – 4 mbar. The film resistivity decreases from 90.48 to 13.24 Ω cm with increase in oxygen partial pressure to 5 × 10 – 4 mbar and then increased on further increasing the oxygen partial pressure. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3025

Models and Estimation for Phylogenetic Trees

In this thesis, we consider Markov models for matched sequences. De¯ne fij(t) = P(X(t) = i; Y (t) = jjX(0) = Y (0)); where fij is the joint probability that, for a given site, the ¯rst and second sequences have the values i and j at a given site, given that they were the same at time 0. This can generalized to several sequences. The sequences (taxa) are then arranged in an evolutionary tree (phylogenetic tree) depicting how taxa diverge from their common ancestors. We develop tests and estimation methods for the parameters of di®erent models. Standard phylogenetic methods assume stationarity, homogeneity and reversibility for the Markov processes, and often impose further restrictions on the parameters. The parameters in these cases are estimated using many popular packages, including PHYLIP and PAUP*. We describe a new and more general method for calculating the joint probability distribution under stationary and homogeneous models for the more general models with some weakening of the stationarity and homogeneity assumptions. We describe the method for a two edged tree and then extend it to the case for a K tipped tree. We discuss the case of a ¯ve edged tree for a set of bacterial sequences for which stationarity and homogeneity are not present. This data set is very similar to that of Galtier and Gouy (1995), and the search for methods appropriate for its analysis has provided the raison d'etre for this work. The extension we propose is to allow non-stationarity, so that from the root of the tree we permit di®erent Markov processes to operate along different descendant lineages; furthermore, we permit non-homogeneous Markov processes to operate across the tree. We obtain methods tha

Secondary volatiles and metabolites from <i>Nigella sativa</i> L. seed

151-158Despite Indian nigella being widely used in various herbal preparation across the world, the composition of volatile fraction and seed metabolite content has been poorly investigated. The nigella crop was raised in Coastal Humid Tropics of Andhra Pradesh and the seed collected was used for chemoprofiling. The extraction was done with MTBE solvent for 2 h to extract volatile fraction and 24 h for extracting entire seed metabolite content. The volatile fraction contained 28 different compounds where as the entire seed metabolite content composed of as many as 150 compounds. The thymoquinone content, which is the most important bioactive compound, was 28.70 %, followed by p-cymene which contained 27.8 % in the volatile fraction. The seed metabolites of nigella seed contained fatty acids, volatiles, and other metabolites. The GC-MS profile of fatty acids and related compounds in the seed metabolites contained five fatty acids (Linoleic acid, palmitic acid, cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid, stearic acid, and myristic acid) and one methyl ester of oleic acid (Methyl oleate). A total of 91.39 % in the total seed metabolite content were fatty acid and related compounds. The volatile fraction was only 5.94 %, remaining were other metabolites (2.67 %). Among these, thymoquinone and p-cymene were the most important compounds (≥ 1 %). The seed of nigella is a storehouse of diverse compounds. Research on chemical nature and bio-potent action of seed metabolites other than secondary volatile metabolites is vastly unexplored and needs immense attention

Effect of substrate temperature on the physical properties of dc magnetron sputtered CuAlO2 films

Copper aluminum oxide films were prepared by direct current (dc) reactive magnetron sputtering under various substrate temperatures in the range of 303–648 K and systematically studied their physical properties. The physical properties of the films were strongly affected by the substrate temperature. The films formed at substrate temperatures <373 K were amorphous while those deposited at higher substrate temperatures (≥373 K) were polycrystalline in nature. The electrical properties of the films enhanced with substrate temperature due to the improved crystallinity. The Hall mobility of 9.4 cm2/V s and carrier concentration of 3.5 × 1017 cm−3 were obtained at the substrate temperature of 573 K. The optical band gap of the films decreased from 3.87 to 3.46 eV with the increase of substrate temperature from 373 to 573 K

Secondary volatiles and metabolites from Nigella sativa L. seed

Despite Indian nigella being widely used in various herbal preparation across the world, the composition of volatile fraction and seed metabolite content has been poorly investigated. The nigella crop was raised in Coastal Humid Tropics of Andhra Pradesh and the seed collected was used for chemoprofiling. The extraction was done with MTBE solvent for 2 h to extract volatile fraction and 24 h for extracting entire seed metabolite content. The volatile fraction contained 28 different compounds where as the entire seed metabolite content composed of as many as 150 compounds. The thymoquinone content, which is the most important bioactive compound, was 28.70 %, followed by p-cymene which contained 27.8 % in the volatile fraction. The seed metabolites of nigella seed contained fatty acids, volatiles, and other metabolites. The GC-MS profile of fatty acids and related compounds in the seed metabolites contained five fatty acids (Linoleic acid, palmitic acid, cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid, stearic acid, and myristic acid) and one methyl ester of oleic acid (Methyl oleate). A total of 91.39 % in the total seed metabolite content were fatty acid and related compounds. The volatile fraction was only 5.94 %, remaining were other metabolites (2.67 %). Among these, thymoquinone and p-cymene were the most important compounds (≥ 1 %). The seed of nigella is a storehouse of diverse compounds. Research on chemical nature and bio-potent action of seed metabolites other than secondary volatile metabolites is vastly unexplored and needs immense attention

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Pulsed direct current magnetron sputtered nanocrystalline tin oxide films

The nanocrystalline tin oxide (SnO2) films were deposited on glass substrates by pulsed magnetron sputtering technique and subsequently annealed from 200 to 500 °C. The structural, microstructural, electrical, and optical properties of as deposited and annealed SnO2 films were studied. The crystallinity degree of the films increased with annealing temperature. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements showed that the emission peaks have low intensity and are positioned at 535 nm (2.31 eV) and 605 nm (2.05 eV) in as deposited SnO2 films. The intensity of PL peak increases sharply with the increasing of annealing temperature. The as deposited films exhibited high electrical resistivity and low optical transmittance. After annealing at 500 °C, the electrical resistivity of the films decreased to the lowest value of 0.015 Ω cm, being the optical transmittance 90%