KERJASAMA PEMERINTAH FILIPINA DENGAN ILO DALAM MENANGANI KASUS PEKERJA ANAK DI FILIPINA

Skripsi ini akan menjelaskan tentang Kerjasama Pemerintah Filipina dengan ILo dalam Menangani Kasus Pekerja Anak di Filipina. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui kerjasama antara pemerintah Filipina dengan ILO dalam menangani kasus pekerja anak di Filipina. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah metode penelitian deskriptif, metode ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan sikap dan upaya yang ditunjukan Filipina dan ILO untuk berupaya menyelesaikan kasus pekerja anak di Filipina. Data-data yang dikumpulkan merupakan data sekunder hasil dari studi pustaka. Mengingat Fenomena pekerja anak merupakan masalah yang serius karena mengancam kualitas hidup anak, hak-hak mereka, dan masa depan mereka. Dalam konteks Filipina, negara ini memiliki daerah dengan insiden pekerja anak tertinggi yaitu Central Luzon, Bicol, Visayas Barat, Utara Mindanao, dan Visayas Tengah. Menurut survei yang dilakukan oleh badan statistic Filipina, pekerja anak 2.993.000 terkena kondisi berbahaya dapat mencakup mereka yang terlibat dalam bentuk-bentuk terburuk pekerja anak- konflik perdagangan seks, perdagangan narkoba, kegiatan terlarang lainnya dan bersenjata. Tingginya angka pekerja anak di Filipina cukup menghawatirkan berbagai pihak baik pemerintah Filipina sendiri maupun masyarakat internasional yang peduli terhadap anak seperti PBB tepatnya ILO. Maka dari itu di dalam menangani kasus pekerja anak di Filipina, pemerintah sangat memerlukan bantuan internasional tepatnya membutuhkan bantuan dari badan internasional yang concern dan memiliki wewenang terhadap kasus ini. Upaya yang sudah dilakukan oleh kedua belah pihak ditandai dengan terbentuknya badan yang concern dan difokuskan yaitu NCLC yang diiringi dengan berbagai program-program dan juga diberi mandat oleh pemerintah Filipina dan ILO untuk menyelesaikan permasalahn pekerja anak di wilayah-wilayah Filipina. Kata Kunci: Filipina, DOLE, ILO, Pekerja Anak, Kemiskinan, Kebijakan Luar Negeri, NCLC, Kerjasama Internasional

Emission Performance of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Petrol Diesel, Green Diesel, and Waste Cooking Oil Blends

The purpose of this paper is to conduct an experimental research on the impact of mixing ratio of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and an innovative diesel fuel (in which a renewable component is contained) on the emissions of an up-to-date light and compact small engine that has a leading role in city cars and urban vehicles. Two blends' mixing ratios (20% and 40% by volume) were tested and the results were compared to those obtained when the engine was operated with low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and ULSD blended with 15% by volume of renewable diesel. The results indicate that diesel+ enhances CO and HC emissions in the exhaust as regards ULSD. Blending diesel+ with WCO causes a further reduction for most of the engine operative field. Concerning particulate emission, accumulation mode dominates for all fuels. Diesel+ is always characterized by lower mean diameters as regards ULSD. The addition of WCO further reduces the court mean diameter. Particle number concentration obtained by fuelling the engine with B40 is the lowest as regards all the other tested fuels. Concerning NOx, a moderate increase of the emission was observed when fuelling the engine with diesel+, net or in blends

turbocharger speed estimation via vibration measurements for combustion sensing

Abstract Monitoring of engine operating condition is essential to comply with severe limitations of harmful exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. Several strategies have been proposed, in which different types of sensors are used for the direct/indirect combustion sensing and to provide a feedback signal to optimize the process. It has been demonstrated that in a turbocharged engine a relationship exists between the rotational speed of the turbocharger and the thermo-fluid dynamic condition of the gases at the exhaust valve opening. Such a relation allows to establish a link between the engine operating conditions in terms of speed, load and injection settings and the turbocharger speed. This work presents a methodology devoted to extract from an accelerometer signal, the mean turbocharger rotational speed with the final aim of realizing a non intrusive control of combustion process, in which the variation of combustion development as regards nominal condition is detected via the estimation of the turbocharger speed

Remote Combustion Sensing in Diesel Engine via Vibration Measurements

An efficient control of the combustion process is required in order to comply with regulations on pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines. Literature presents investigations devoted to explore the potentiality of externally mounted sensor (speed sensor, microphone, and accelerometer) for combustion diagnosis. A relationship exists between the combustion event measured via an in‐cylinder pressure transducer and engine block vibration measured via an accelerometer. Time and frequency domain processing of acquired signals highlighted the correlation between parameters able to characterize the combustion development and features derived from the engine block vibration data. A methodology was developed by the authors that demonstrated to be suitable for real‐time estimation of combustion progress based on engine vibration. A two‐cylinder common rail diesel engine of small displacement was tested; two configurations were investigated, naturally aspirated, and turbocharged. The in‐cylinder pressure and block vibration signals were acquired and processed in time and frequency domains. The vibrational components mainly related to the combustion process were extracted, and indicators of the combustion positioning were computed. The angular positions of start of combustion (SOC) and MFB50 computed via the heat release curve by means of the in‐cylinder pressure measurements were compared to those obtained by means of the accelerometer signal. High correlation coefficients were obtained for the data acquired during the testing of both naturally aspirated and turbocharged configurations in the complete engine operative field

Effect of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends on Performance and Emissions from a CRDI Diesel Engine

The employment of biofuels in blends with diesel oil proved to attain a reduced environmental impact without compromising the engine performance. Among biofuels, waste cooking oil offers the advantages of its reduced raw material cost in comparison with fresh vegetable oil cost; it also eliminates the environmental impacts caused by its disposal. Although a great number of researches has been devoted to biodiesel combustion in engines and pollutant emissions, few studies can be found on light duty diesel engine equipped with up-to-date technologies. This work aims at investigating the impact of waste cooking oil percentage in blends with diesel oil on the performance and emission characteristics of an up-to-date light and compact common rail diesel engine whose main application is in microcars and in urban vehicles. A comprehensive experimental activity was performed in the engine complete operative field. The comparison of the results with those obtained with standard ultralow-sulfur diesel highlighted that the engine performance was quite similar for B20 and diesel oil. B40 suffered for the lower caloric value in regard to diesel. A reduction in CO and HC was obtained with biodiesel blends, along with an increase in NOx. Particulate emissions were also reduced for biodiesel blends; the mean size of particles was smaller as regards diesel oil

vibration analysis to estimate turbocharger speed fluctuation in diesel engines

Abstract The optimum management of the engine system has a crucial role in order to achieve high efficiency and reduced pollutant emissions. Advanced methods have been proposed, in which several types of sensors are used to directly/indirectly sense the combustion and to provide a feedback signal to optimize the engine management. In turbocharged engines, it has been demonstrated that a relationship exists between the rotational speed of the turbocharger and the thermo-fluid dynamic condition of the gases at the exhaust valve opening. Such a relation allows to establish a link between the engine operating conditions in terms of speed, load and injection settings and the turbocharger speed. A research activity was performed aimed at developing a methodology in which the signal from an accelerometer mounted on the compressor housing was used to extract information about the turbocharger speed value. The activity was organized in two subsequent steps, each one focused on one specific objective: – estimation of the mean turbocharger rotational speed – evaluation of the turbocharger speed fluctuations. Tests were performed on a small displacement two-cylinder diesel engine mainly used in urban vehicles that was equipped with a turbocharger. The results obtained during the first step of activity demonstrated the opportunity of further investigations in order to compute the turbocharger speed fluctuation from the accelerometer signal processing. This paper is devoted to present the results of the second step of the research activity, with the final aim of realizing a non intrusive control of combustion process, in which the variation of combustion development as regards nominal condition is detected via the estimation of the turbocharger speed

Soot Particles Experimental Characterization During Cold Start of a Micro Car Engine

Abstract Substantial amount of pollutants is emitted during the vehicle start-up, since the engine has not reached its optimal operating temperature. In urban traffic environment, the engine emissions during its warming up until it reaches a hot stabilized mode are an important source of major air pollutants. Existing literature indicates that: - in recent years the vehicle emissions have been reduced significantly, while those related to engine cold starts still remain high; - emission levels during engine start-up are deeply influenced by the vehicle characteristics. Most of studies are related to diesel engines equipped with high efficiency DPFs, gasoline port fuel injected and gasoline direct injected engines equipped with three-way-catalysts. This paper aims at characterizing pollutants and solid particles emissions from a low displacement two cylinder diesel engine, whose main application is in city cars and urban vehicles. During tests, measurements started at the time of the engine cold start-up; transient conditions of load and speed were imposed to the engine. A characterization of solid particle was performed, in terms of particle number and size distribution for three engine thermal conditions: cold, warm and hot starts

O espaço e o lugar do ateliê no ensino da arte

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, apresentado para obtenção do grau de Licenciatura no curso de Artes Visuais, da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC.O presente trabalho intitulado “O espaço e o lugar do ateliê no ensino da arte” está inserido na linha de pesquisa Educação e Arte do Curso de Artes Visuais - Licenciatura da UNESC, e apresenta como problema de pesquisa: As salas de artes (ateliês) nas escolas estão cumprindo seu papel no desenvolvimento cultural e artístico dos alunos? Como objetivo proponho através dessa pesquisa, investigar se os ateliês ou salas de artes nas escolas estão cumprindo seu papel no desenvolvimento cultural e artístico dos alunos, discutir teoricamente os conceitos de arte, ensino da arte e ateliês de arte, juntamente analisar se as escolas possuem sala de arte e se são capazes de atender a disciplina. Por meio de entrevista com professores com relação ao que pensam sobre os ateliês de artes nas escolas. Para realizar esse trabalho utilizei uma pesquisa de campo com abordagem qualitativa, optei como meio o questionário aplicado com dois professores da E.M.E.B. Albino Zanatta e com os/as acadêmicos/as de licenciatura da 4ª fase do Curso de Artes Visuais da UNESC. Conclui-se que a sala de arte (ateliê) é imprescindível para um ensino de arte de qualidade

Chromosomal Comparisons Among And Within Populations Of Simulium (chirostilbia) Pertinax (diptera, Simuliidae).

Chromosomal studies were carried on six larval populations of Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax from different locations in Brazil. Larvae were collected in the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Polytene chromosome map comparisons within and among populations showed no differences in banding pattern, except for some limited polymorphism (secondary NOR and four band polymorphisms). There were no chromosomal variations associated with the resistance or susceptibility of the larvae to temephos. The chromosomal homosequentiality found among the six populations suggests that S. pertinax may be a monomorphic species.96365-

Responsabilidade social: um estudo de caso na cooperativa agropecuária de Jacinto Machado

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, apresentado para obtenção do grau de Bacharel no curso de Ciências Contábeis da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC.As cooperativas são organizações capazes de unir o desenvolvimento econômico e o bem estar social. São regidas por sete princípios, sendo que o sétimo princípio diz respeito ao “Interesse pela comunidade” explicitando que as cooperativas trabalham para o desenvolvimento sustentado das comunidades onde atuam, por meio de políticas aprovadas por seus próprios membros. As cooperativas exercem um papel fundamental perante todos em seu entorno, atuando com foco na responsabilidade social. Neste contexto, busca-se neste trabalho, além de apresentar a definição de cooperativismo, demonstrar suas origens e natureza jurídica, classificando-o nos seus diversos ramos de atividades, dentre eles, o agropecuário, identificar seus princípios, relacionando com o conceito de responsabilidade social. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal identificar os processos de cooperação de uma cooperativa em prol da comunidade onde está inserida. A metodologia aplicada em relação aos objetivos do estudo constitui-se como descritiva com base em, um estudo de caso realizado na Cooperativa Agropecuária de Jacinto Machado – COOPERJA. O instrumento de pesquisa utilizado foi a entrevista, realizada com o administrador da entidade e a colaboradora responsável pelos projetos sociais da cooperativa. A abordagem metodológica utilizada para análise e interpretação dos dados foi qualitativa. O resultado desta pesquisa evidencia a preocupação que a COOPERJA têm com a comunidade e, que seus gestores acreditam que ser uma entidade socialmente responsável, aproxima a comunidade da cooperativa e, assim, fortalece ainda mais o espírito do cooperativismo