Subsidies

The interrelationship of the social, economic and political life of our Western civilization is an evident reality. A thesis on this relationship, existing as it does even in Canada, would be a tremendous task. However, a specific topic relating to the complementary forces of these three factors presents a much less laborious and less complex work. One such specialized topic is the subject of this thesis, namely, the use of subsidies by a government in their political, economic and social environment. Insufficient attention has been given in the past to the economics development of the principles and effects of subsidies. Numerous articles have been written on the specific use or uses of a subsidy (as for example an article on the advisability of giving a subsidy in this past war to increase the production of certain farm commodities), yet when it comes to writings on the principle, the incidence and the effects of subsidies, a dearth of material exists. Because of the steadily increasing use of this form of government assistance since 1929 greater attention should be directed to the basic principles of subsidization. The prime purpose of this thesis therefore is an enquiry into such principles as well as an evaluation or the economic and social advisability of subsidies used in connection with their various motives. There are two further considerations which should be made. First, the possibility that the economic and social factors arising from the use of subsidies are pulling in opposite directions thereby making it necessary to weigh the value of the economic effects against the value of the social effects. Secondly, the possibility that these factors are working in similar directions. It is secondary purpose of this study to indicate which of these two cases exists.Master of Arts (MA

Pädagogische Historiographie vor 50 Jahren in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone

In dem Aufsatz beleuchtet Albert Reble die Entwicklung der pädagogischen Historiographie in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone nach 1945 und schildert dabei seine eigenen Erfahrungen als Hochschullehrer in Halle. Reble diskutiert die ideologischen Einflüsse auf die Geschichtsschreibung der Pädagogik und beschreibt, wie er unter sowjetischer Besatzung trotz widriger Umstände eigene wissenschaftliche Konzepte entwickelte. Er geht auf die Herausforderungen der politischen Kontrolle ein, insbesondere auf die komplexen Beziehungen zwischen der Pädagogik, der marxistischen Ideologie und dem kulturellen Leben der Zeit. Rebles Darstellung hebt die Ambivalenz der sowjetischen Bildungsreformen hervor, die sowohl Raum für akademische Freiheit ließen als auch zunehmend ideologisch geprägt waren

C++ for Heterogeneous Programming: oneAPI (DPC++ and oneTBB)

This tutorial provides hands-on experience programming CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs using a unified, standards-based programming model: oneAPI. oneAPI includes a cross-architecture language: Data Parallel C++ (DPC++). DPC++ is an evolution of C++ that incorporates the SYCL language with extensions for Unified Shared Memory (USM), ordered queues and reductions, among other features. oneAPI also includes libraries for API-based programming, such as domain-specific libraries, math kernel libraries and Threading Building Blocks (TBB). The main benefit of using oneAPI over other heterogeneous programming models is the single programming language approach, which enables one to target multiple devices using the same programming model, and therefore to have a cleaner, portable, and more readable code. In the current heterogeneous era, it is still challenging for developers to match computations to accelerators and to coordinate the use of those accelerators in the context of their larger applications. Therefore, this tutorial’s main goal is not just teaching oneAPI as an easier approach to target heterogeneous platforms, but also to convey techniques to map applications to heterogeneous hardware paying attention to the scheduling and mapping problems (how to achieve load balance and which regions of the application are more suitable to each particular device).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Erinnerungen an meine ersten Jahre als Junglehrerin (1937–1939): Mit einem Nachwort von Albert Reble

In ihrem autobiografischen Bericht Erinnerungen an meine ersten Jahre als Junglehrerin (1937-1939) reflektiert Meta Wesser ihre ersten beruflichen Erfahrungen im Kontext des nationalsozialistischen Deutschlands. Sie schildert die Herausforderungen und Widrigkeiten, die sie als junge Lehrerin in ländlichen Gebieten Oldenburgs erlebte, darunter unzureichende Bezahlung, provisorische Arbeitsverhältnisse und politische Spannungen. Wessers Erinnerungen bieten wertvolle Einblicke in die damaligen Arbeitsbedingungen, insbesondere die Diskriminierung von Frauen im Lehrberuf und die autoritären, ideologisch geprägten Strukturen des Bildungssystems. Trotz der Schwierigkeiten bewahrt sie eine gewisse Leichtigkeit und Dankbarkeit für ihre Erfahrungen, die von persönlicher Resilienz und Anpassungsfähigkeit zeuge

In vivo sun protection factor and UVA protection factor determination using (hybrid) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and a multi‐lambda‐LED light source

The sun protection factor (SPF) values are currently determined using an invasive procedure, in which the volunteers are irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light. Non-invasive approaches based on hybrid diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (HDRS) have shown a good correlation with conventional SPF testing. Here, we present a novel compact and adjustable DRS test system. The in vivo measurements were performed using a multi-lambda-LED light source and an 84-channel imaging spectrograph with a fiber optic probe for detection. A transmission spectrum was calculated based on the reflectance measured with sunscreen and the reflectance measured without sunscreen. The preexposure in vitro spectrum was fitted to the in vivo spectrum. Each of the 11 test products was investigated on 10 volunteers. The SPF and UVA-PF values obtained by this new approach were compared with in vivo SPF results determined by certified test institutes. A correlation coefficient R-2 = 0.86 for SPF, and R-2 = 0.92 for UVA-PF were calculated. Having examined various approaches to apply the HDRS principle, the method we present was found to produce valid and reproducible results, suggesting that the multi-lambda-LED device is suitable for in-vivo SPF testing based on the HDRS principle as well as for in-vivo UVA-PF measurements

Noninvasive measurement of the 308 nm LED‐based UVB protection factor of sunscreens

The current method for determining the sun protection factor (SPF) requires erythema formation. Noninvasive alternatives have recently been suggested by several groups. Our group previously developed a functional sensor based on diffuse reflectance measurements with one UVB LED, which was previously evaluated on pig ear skin. Here we present the results of a systematic in vivo study using 12 sunscreens on 10 volunteers (skin types [ST] I-III). The relationship of the UVB-LED reflectance of unprotected skin and melanin index was determined for each ST. The spatial variation of the reflectance signal of different positions was analyzed and seems to be mainly influenced by sample inhomogeneity except for high-protection factors (PFs) where signal levels are close to detection noise. Despite the low-signal levels, a correlation of the measured LED-based UVB PF with SPF reference values from test institutes with R-2 = 0.57 is obtained, suggesting a strong relationship of SPF and LED-based UVB-PF. Measured PFs tend to be lower for increasing skin pigmentation. The sensor design seems to be suitable for investigations where a fast measurement of relative changes of PFs, such as due to inhomogeneous application, bathing and sweating, is of interest