Involvement of the nucleus accumbensshell presynaptic NMDA receptors on anxiolytic-like behaviors induced by NMDA in adult male Wistar rat

     Glutamatergic system stimulationthe nucleus accumbens shell, may affect anxiety-related behaviors, aversive learning and memory. Glutamate receptors are differentially distributed in pre- and postsynaptic sites contributing to neuronal communications.The present study aimed to examine the possible involvement of the NAc shell presynaptic NMDA receptors on NMDA induced responses, using the elevated-plus maze (EPM) task in maleWistar rats. Bilateral guide cannulae were implanted to allow microinjection of glutamatergic agonist (NMDA) or ca+2 channel blocker (SKF96365 hydrochloride) agents. Pretest intra-NAc shell infusion of NMDA induced anxiolytic-like behaviors and impaired the EPM-associated memory upon test and retest, respectively. In addition our findings showed that, the intra-NAc shell infusion of Ca+2 channel blocker at applied doses, does not alter the anxiety-like response and aversive memory upon test and retest, respectively. Furthermore, infusing the subthreshold dose SKF prior to the injection of effective doses of NMDA, reduced the anxiolytic-like response and improved the aversive memory impairment which had already been induced by intra-NAc shell NMDA injection. Our study showed that,inhibition of the neurotransmitter exocytosis from pre-synaptic neuron via Ca+2 channel blockade bySKF96365 decreases affected induced by NMDA in the NAc shell region, indicating the involvement of the pre-synaptic NMDA receptors in NMDA induced responses.Therefore, NMDA's ability to increase anxiolytic-like behaviors and the aversive memory impairment may be the result of an action on pre-synaptic glutamatergic receptors which in turn decrease the glutamate effect at synaptic terminal level

Evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (tumor cells and peritumoral T-lymphocytes) and verrucous carcinoma and comparison with normal oral mucosa

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is used as a prognostic marker for recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in various sites, including head and neck. Studies suggest that its high serum levels are correlated to some clinical features, such as nodal metastasis. However, it is still unknown if high SCCA in patients with SCCA tissue expression in tumor cells are related to peripheral T-lymphocytes. Therefore, we did this study to evaluate SCCA expression in squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma and to compare it with normal oral mucosa, also investigating the correlation between serum-based and tissue-based antigen levels. Methodology: In this study, the immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique was used to determine the SCCA1 expression pattern in 81 specimens divided into 3 groups, including oral squamous cell carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, and normal oral mucosa. Serum-based and tissue-based antigen levels of 20 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases were compared by the western blot assay. SCCA expression was also evaluated and compared in both tumor cells and peripheral T-lymphocytes by the immunofluorescence assay. Results: Our results showed that the SCCA levels in SCC specimens were significantly lower than in verrucous carcinoma and normal and hyperplastic oral mucosa specimens. We found no correlation between the IHC expression of SCCA and serum levels. SCCA was well expressed in both tumor cells and peripheral T-lymphocytes. Conclusion: Decreasing SCCA in SCC specimens suggested that SCC tumor cells may affect more than the serum levels of SCCA in some patients. In addition, expression of SCCA in peripheral T-lymphocytes showed that both tumor cells and T-lymphocytes may cause serum SCCA.&nbsp

The Association of Fat-Mass-and Obesity-Associated Gene Polymorphism (rs9939609) With Colorectal Cancer: A Case-Control Study

Background and Aim: The association between the rs9939609 polymorphism of fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) and risk of colorectal cancer is controversial. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and colorectal cancer (CRC) in Iranian people. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 125 patients with CRC and 250 healthy subjects in Tehran, Iran. Demographic data and blood samples were collected from all participants. Genotyping of rs9939609 polymorphism was performed by the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) method. Results: The occurrence of AA genotype of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism in the colorectal cancer patients was significantly higher compared to that of healthy subjects (16.4 vs. 2.9%, respectively, P=0.02). The association between the frequency of risk allele of the FTO polymorphism and CRC (B=1.67, P=0.042) remained significant after adjustment for age. Further adjustment for gender (model 2) and marital status (model 3) did not change this result (B=1.67, P= 0.042 and B=1.67, P=0.043, respectively). The results remained significant after additional adjustment for ethnicity (B=1.57, P= 0.047). Conclusion: We found a positive association between the A allele of the rs9939609 polymorphism and CRC. Future studies are required to identify the underlying mechanisms

Correlation between Interpupillary and Inner-Outer Intercanthal Distances in Individuals Younger than 20

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 </style> <![endif]--> <p>PURPOSE: To determine the correlation between interpupillary distance (IPD) and inner-outer intercanthal distance (IOICD) and to find a regression equation for calculating IPD based on IOICD measurements. METHODS: The study subjects were randomly selected from individuals aged 3 months to 20 years who were referred to our ophthalmology clinic, health care centers and children attending kindergartens. Participants were divided into 4 age categories: younger than 3, 3-5, 5-12.5 and 12.5-20 years. IPD was measured by a PD meter (PD2, Oculus, Germany); other parameters including IOICD, nasal limbus to temporal limbus (NLTL), inner intercanthal distance (IICD) and outer intercanthal distance (OICD) were measured using a translucent plastic ruler. RESULTS: The study included 254 female (60.6%) and 165 male (39.4%) subjects with mean age of 87.7±73.2 (range 3-240) months. Significant correlation was observed between IOICD and IPD in the 3-5 yr and 12.5-20 yr age groups. In the younger than 3 and 5-12.5 year age groups, NLTL had the best correlation with IPD. The regression equations for calculating IPD according to IOICD were as follows. In male subjects, near IPD= 0.941×IOICD (r²= 0.98, P < 0.001) and for female subjects, near IPD= 0.948×IOICD (r²= 0.98, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: IPD and IOICD measurements are strongly and positively correlated; IOICD measurements are simpler to obtain and may be used to calculate IPD readings which are more difficult to measure by usual methods in children.</p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <style>
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Evaluation of the effects of two different bone resorption inhibitors on osteoclast numbers and activity: An animal study

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bone resorption inhibitors, doxycycline (DOX) and erythromycin (EM), on osseous wound healing in rat alveolar socket. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 45 8–10-week-old male Wistar rats had their maxillary right molar extracted. They were divided into three groups of 15. In Group 1 normal saline, Group 2 DOX, and Group 3 EM were administered at the doses of 5 ml/kg/day, 5 mg/kg/day, and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 7 consecutive days. The rats were sacrificed 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to evaluate the mRNA expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and immunohistochemical staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) to determine osteoclasts. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS version 20. Significant level was set at 0.05. Results: The results showed that when drug-treated groups compared to control groups, RANKL gene expression significantly decreased, TRAP+ cells decreased on day 7. The RANKL/OPG ratios in the first two weeks in the test groups were significantly lower than the control group. There was no significant difference in the studied indices between DOX and EM groups. Conclusion: Following administration of DOX and EM, the number of osteoclasts and RANKL/OPG ratio decreased suggesting their anti-osteoclastogenesis activity. These two drugs have no advantage over each other in increasing the bone formation

Relationship Between Sleep Quality, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Sleepiness During Day With Related Factors in Professional Drivers

One of the important reasons for accidents is sleepiness.With this description, the sleep disorders are associated with health and mortality, and not only affect the person but also the family and the whole society. Aim of this study was assessing of relationship between Sleep Quality, Obstructive sleep Apnea and Sleepiness during day with related factors in professional drivers. This was a cross-sectional study measuring correlation between sleep quality questionnaire (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index or PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Stop Bang questionnaire (STOP BANG).the appropriate sample size to achieve a 95% confidence level was 943 people. The study population was chosen among qualified drivers using a convenience sampling method that took place over 12 months duration. Exclusion criterion consisted of the presence of a physical or mental disability. Data analyzed by software SPSS, version 15. In this study, all drivers were men with mean of age 36±9/5 year (minimum 22 year and maximum 72 year), 799 (84.7%) were married, 535 (56.7%) had high school education. Also, 96.4 % of drivers had undesirable sleep quality, 25.8% obstructive sleep apnea and 6.8% abnormal sleepiness during day. Multiple linear regression test showed, Score of STOP-Bang was correlated with smoking (OR (β)=0/2, P=0.006) and history of hurt disease (OR (β)=0.95, P=0.003), shift work (OR (β)=0.19, P=0.006) more probability. Moreover, PSQI was statistically significant with shift work (OR (β)=0.44, P=0.02), smoking (OR (β)=0.98, P=0.001), history of pulmonary disease (OR (β)=3.58, P=0.009) more probability , and ESS was statistically significant with smoking (OR (β)=0.64, P=0.007) and history of pulmonary disease(OR (β)=2.82, P=0.006), shift work (OR (β)=0.59, P=0.008) more probability. In our study, according to the results, it should be planning to reduce the driving time in day and night and also it are recommended short breaks during driving. It is suggested the more widespread and prospective studies, as well as informing the drivers about the benefits of proper sleep and annual checkup drivers of health