Role of agriculture in economic growth of Pakistan

This research based on the role of agriculture in the economic growth of Pakistan. Secondary data has been collected from the year 1980-2010 from the government authentic websites. For this purpose simple regression applied to identify the significance relationship of agricultural sub-sectors with GDP. Results suggested that there is the significance role of agriculture sub-sectors towards the economic growth only forestry showed insignificant relationship with GDP. Another objective is based on to know the contribution of each sub-sector over the aggregate agriculture amount. Result suggest that crops and livestock’s total contribute 91% combined in the aggregate agriculture sector that represent significance contribution for the performance regarding in this sector while fisheries and forestry have minimal contribution because of many reasons, major reasons involved low investment intensity in this sector, insufficient facilities, untrained and unskillful labor force engaged with it.Economic growth, major crops, minor crops, Livestock, forestry, fisheries, Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A Monte Carlo Simulation Analysis of Panel Stationarity Tests under a Single Framework

A unified framework, stringency criterion have been used to compare the six panel unit root tests having the null hypothesis of stationary and to find the best performer test/tests. Simulated critical values, instead of asymptotic critical values, have been used to keep the size of all tests around nominal size of 5%. Our findings suggest HD and HL tests as better performing tests as compared to other panel stationarity tests

Stents and stent mimickers in endovascular management of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms

Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm is a disastrous event accounting for approximately 5%-15% of all stroke cases and has a high mortality rate. One of the major goals in the management of these patients is to prevent rebleeding by securing the aneurysm either surgically or by endovascular means. Endovascular treatment is considered the first line of treatment for intracranial aneurysms; however, wide-neck aneurysms (WNAs) are specifically difficult to treat by endovascular means due to the difficulty in achieving a stable coil mass inside the aneurysm sac. To overcome this problem, assisted endovascular treatment techniques and devices have evolved over the years. Amongst these, stent-assisted coiling (SAC) techniques provide a scaffold for coil embolization. The concept of the stent-assisted technique inspired creative pioneers to invent new tools like the PulseRider (Pulsar Vascular, Inc. CA, USA) and the pCONUS (Phenox GmbH, Germany), which are a great help in managing wide-neck and bifurcation aneurysms. The concept of stent within stents and its related hemodynamic effect has led to the novel development of flow diverters for reconstructing the arterial wall and correcting the hemodynamic disturbances. In this article, we review the stents and stent-like devices currently in practice for the endovascular management of wide-neck and branch intracranial aneurysms

Comparison of Residual based Cointegration Tests: Evidence from Monte Carlo

In this article ten cointegration tests based on residuals of cointegrating equation are compared on basis of stringency criterion: a robust technique for comparison of tests using Monte Carlo simulations. Two tests i.e. Phillips and Ouliaris’ Pu and Choi Durbin-Hausman statistic are the leading performers and are recommended for any sample size. The remaining eight tests are recommended for only large sample sizes of 200 or greater. The use of all these ten tests is not recommended when presence of both intercept and linear time trend is assumed in cointegrating equation unless the sample size is very large i.e. greater than 200

Comparison of Residual based Cointegration Tests: Evidence from Monte Carlo

In this article ten cointegration tests based on residuals of cointegrating equation are compared on basis of stringency criterion: a robust technique for comparison of tests using Monte Carlo simulations. Two tests i.e. Phillips and Ouliaris’ Pu and Choi Durbin-Hausman statistic are the leading performers and are recommended for any sample size. The remaining eight tests are recommended for only large sample sizes of 200 or greater. The use of all these ten tests is not recommended when presence of both intercept and linear time trend is assumed in cointegrating equation unless the sample size is very large i.e. greater than 200

Role of agriculture in economic growth of Pakistan

This research based on the role of agriculture in the economic growth of Pakistan. Secondary data has been collected from the year 1980-2010 from the government authentic websites. For this purpose simple regression applied to identify the significance relationship of agricultural sub-sectors with GDP. Results suggested that there is the significance role of agriculture sub-sectors towards the economic growth only forestry showed insignificant relationship with GDP. Another objective is based on to know the contribution of each sub-sector over the aggregate agriculture amount. Result suggest that crops and livestock’s total contribute 91% combined in the aggregate agriculture sector that represent significance contribution for the performance regarding in this sector while fisheries and forestry have minimal contribution because of many reasons, major reasons involved low investment intensity in this sector, insufficient facilities, untrained and unskillful labor force engaged with it

Safety of insulin tolerance test for the assessment of growth hormone deficiency in children

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety of insulin tolerance test (ITT) for assessing growth hormone (GH) deficiency in children. METHODS: This hospital based study was conducted at the National Institute of Child Health, Karachi from 1st November 2008 till 30th October 2009. All children suspected of growth hormone deficiency, were included after excluding all other causes of short stature. Verbal informed consent was taken from the parents. Children less than 2 years of age, weighing less than 10 kg, untreated/inadequately treated hypothyroidism or Addison\u27s disease, epilepsy, having history of hypoglycaemic fits or cardiac disease were excluded. All children were subjected to the international standard protocol of ITT and their samples of growth hormone and blood sugars were drawn. Complications during the procedure like hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, loss of consciousness, fits, vomiting and failure to achieve hypoglycaemia were recorded. Insulin tolerance test was performed on a total of 168 subjects. The data was entered in SPSS version 17 for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 168 children were subjected to the ITT. Four of them were abandoned as they could not achieve hypoglycaemia despite repeating the dose of insulin. Results were analyzed on 164 children whose mean age was 10 +/- 3.5 years, There were 96 (58%) males and 68 (41%) females. Over all 79.8% children achieved hypoglycaemia. None of the subjects developed any complication (fits, loss of consciousness,) or required intravenous glucose during the test and it was completed in all children with close monitoring. The results showed that there was a significant effect of time after insulin administration on both the blood glucose level (BG) and growth hormone (GH) levels. The blood glucose level decreased rapidly after administration of insulin and was lowest 30 minutes after injection and showed an increasing trend in subsequent readings, becoming almost equal to the baseline value 120 min after injection. From the study group 111 (66%) children were diagnosed as having growth hormone deficiency, 52 (31.3%) were normal and 1 (0.6%) had growth hormone insensitivity. CONCLUSION: ITT in children was found to be a safe and reliable test but can be potentially dangerous and requires very close monitoring and supervision and should be performed in a center with experienced staff

Offline printed Sindhi optical text recognition: survey

Optical Charter Recognition (OCR) applications are becoming more intensive than before and show great prospective for rapid data entry, but has limited success when applied to the Sindhi language. This paper summarize the general topic of optical character recognition and highlights the characteristics of Sindhi script. It also presents an historical review of the Sindhi text recognition systems. More this paper underlines the capabilities of different OCT=R systems, and then introduce a five stage model for off-line printed Sindhi text recognition system and classify research work according to this mode

Endovascular embolisation of visceral artery pseudoaneurysms

Objective. To evaluate the technical success, safety, and outcome of endovascular embolization procedure in management of visceral artery pseudoaneurysms. Materials and Methods. 46 patients were treated for 53 visceral pseudoaneurysms at our institution. Preliminary diagnostic workup in all cases was performed by contrast enhanced abdominal CT scan and/or duplex ultrasound. In all patients, embolization was performed as per the standard departmental protocol. For data collection, medical records and radiology reports of all patients were retrospectively reviewed. Technical success, safety, and outcome of the procedure were analyzed. Results. Out of 46 patients, 13 were females and 33 were males. Mean patient age was 44.79 ± 13.9 years and mean pseudoaneurysm size was 35 ± 19.5mm. Technical success rate for endovascular visceral pseudoaneurysm coiling was 93.47% (n = 43). Complication rate was 6.52% (n = 3). Followup was done for a mean duration of 21 ± 1.6 months (0.5-69 months). Complete resolution of symptoms or improvement in clinical condition was seen in 36 patients (80%) out of those 45 in whom procedure was technically successful. Conclusion. Results of embolization of visceral artery pseudoaneurysms with coils at our center showed high success rate and good short term outcome