The Structure of Phonological Networks and Social Identity of Heritage Languages

This paper provides the basic information of the phonological networks and social identity about the heritage languages. The phonological networks convey the classification of the sound systems, while the social identity declares the difference among the native speakers of the heritage languages. The problem is investigated that how a particular speech segment created the variation among the speakers of the different languages in the speech communities. The objective of this paper is to determine the unique segments of the heritage languages and how these segments clear the social identity of the speakers in a particular speech community. The researcher collected the sample of primary and secondary data from the gadgets and the speakers of the heritage languages. The sample of data goes to the social characteristics of ages between twenty and forty of the respondents both male and female. The data are collected through observation, interview and the available literature of the heritage languages. For the collection of primary data, the high quality of the tape recorder is used and put approach to the mouth of the respondents for the recording at the time of interview. After the data collection, it is analysed base on the aspects of phonetics and phonology to find out the social identity of the respondents. In the result, it is found out that one particular speech segment represented the social identity of the speakers. In the framework of conclusion, it is represented that Urdu has different types of the speech segments covered all the processes of production, transmission, and perception

AN OT ACCOUNT OF PHONOTACTIC AND CODA NEUTRALIZATION OF ENGLISH LOANS IN PILIBHIT HINDI-URDU

This paper provided the basic information of the phonological processes as the Coda Neutralization and Phonotactics of English Loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). The objectives of this paper were to represent the aspects of the coda neutralization in the sense of voiced obstruent segment becomes voiceless obstruent segment in the final syllable structure of the loanwords, and the consonant clusters break within the insertion of an extraneous segment in any location of the English Loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. In the another framework, this paper revealed the phenomena of devoicing features of coda consonants and the grades of the additional segments in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu loanwords within the principles of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993). The central idea of this paper was to explore the process of conflicts between the candidates at the surface level and reflects the properties of the input candidate by the observation of the constraint rankings. In this study, it was propounded the effective formalities of the hierarchy of the constraint rankings and drew one of the best candidates as an optimal candidate out of the output candidates from English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. The groundwork of this paper was related to the significant aspects of the English loans that were adapted within the addition, insertion, or deletion of the segments in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. In this paper, it was also determined the facts of the coda devoicing of the speech segments in terms of neutralization at the end of the syllable structure of English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu

Functional evaluation of the urinary tract by duplex Doppler ultrasonography in patients with acute renal colic

Purpose: To determine the role of duplex Doppler ultrasonography (DDU) in Patients with acute unilateral renal obstruction. Subjects And Methods:A total of 161 Patients with suspected renal colic due to urolithiasis were evaluated by DDU followed by intravenous urography (IVU). The mean intra-arterial resistive index (RI) and the difference of mean resistive index between both kidneys (delta RI) were determined for each person. An RI value of ≥0.70 and a delta RI value of ≥0.06 were taken as the discriminatory threshold for obstruction. IVU results were considered the reference standard against which renal DDU findings were compared. Results: IVU showed both kidneys to be normal in 51 Patients and with unilateral ureteric obstruction in 110 Patients. The mean RI for obstructed kidneys was 0.67 (0.048), which was significantly higher (P-value Conclusion: Delta RI is more sensitive and specific than RI in acute renal obstruction. However, due to relatively low sensitivity for detection of partial obstruction, DDU cannot replace IVU as the standard imaging technique

Randomized controlled trial of interferon gamma versus amantadine in combination with interferon alpha and ribavirin for hepatitis C genotype 3 non-responders and relapsers

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of triple combination regimens comprising of interferon alpha-2b (IFN-alpha) and ribavirin plus either IFN-gamma or amantadine in genotype 3 patients, responders or relapsers to interferon plus ribavirin combination. METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive IFN-alpha 3MU thrice a week, ribavirin 800-1200 mg per day with either IFN-gamma 2 MU thrice a week or amantadine 100 mg twice daily. Treatment was continued for 48 weeks in patients showing complete or partial (2 log reduction) early virological response (EVR) at 12 weeks and negative PCR at 24 weeks. RESULTS: Total enrollments were 44; 25 were previously non-responders out of them 12 were in the IFN-gamma arm. Nineteen were relapsers, out of them 10 received IFN-Gamma. Overall EVR with triple regimens was 61.4% (27/44). The EVR for IFN-gamma arm was 72.7% (16/22) and for amantadine arm 50% (11/22) (p=0.089). Sustained virological response (SVR) was 50% (11/22) in the gamma arm and 27.3% (6/22) in the amantadine arm (p=0.122). This figure was 60% (6/10) and 44% (5/9) for relapsers (p=0.845), and 41.6% (5/12) and 7.7% (1/13) for non-responders (p = 0.046).Treatment was well tolerated by most of the patients in both arms. CONCLUSIONS: About one third of patients responded to the triple regimens. However IFN-gamma was a better option. Its combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin needs further evaluation. (Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00538811)

Preventing identity theft:identifying major barriers to knowledge-sharing in online retail organisations

Purpose: Knowledge-sharing (KS) for preventing identity theft has become a major challenge for organisations. The purpose of this paper is to fill a gap in the literature by investigating barriers to effective KS in preventing identity theft in online retail organisations. Design/methodology/approach: A framework was proposed based on a reconceptualisation and extension of the KS enablers framework (Chong et al., 2011). A qualitative case study research method was used for the data collection. In total, 34 semi-structured interviews were conducted in three online retail organisations in the UK. Findings: The findings suggest that the major barriers to effective KS for preventing identify theft in online retail organisations are: lack of leadership support; lack of employee willingness to share knowledge; lack of employee awareness of KS; inadequate learning opportunities; lack of trust in colleagues; insufficient information-sourcing opportunities and information and communications technology infrastructure; a weak KS culture; lack of feedback on performance; and lack of job rotation. Practical implications: The research provides solutions for removing existing barriers to KS in preventing identity theft. This is important to reduce the number of cases of identity theft in the UK. Originality/value: This research extends knowledge of KS in a new context: preventing identity theft in online retail organisations. The proposed framework extends the KS enablers framework by identifying major barriers to KS in the context of preventing identity theft

Inflation and the role of macroeconomic policies:A model for the case of Denmark

This paper provides an assessment of the different channels through which monetary, fiscal and income policies affect prices and output in a small open economy and discuss which policy measures are effective and feasible in the face of inflationary shocks. We build a stock-flow-consistent model using sectoral data for Denmark. We then replicate the inflationary environment faced by Denmark and several other countries after the Covid-19 crisis. While taking monetary tightening as a forced policy response for a small open economy with fixed exchange rate, we explore a number of policies that, within the current institutional and legal framework, can potentially mitigate the effects of inflation. Our conclusion is that a close coordination of fiscal and income policies can help reduce the effects of adverse shocks to income without increasing inflation. Furthermore, we find that of all the policies implemented, monetary policy has the most dramatic effects on public debt sustainability.</p

SnO2-SiO2 1D Core-Shell Nanowires Heterostructures for Selective Hydrogen Sensing

SnO2 is one of the most employed n-type semiconducting metal oxide in chemo-resistive gas-sensing although it presents serious limitations due to a low selectivity. Herein, the authors introduce 1D SnO2-SiO2 core-shell nanowires (CSNWs). The amorphous SiO2-shell layer with varying thicknesses (1.8–10.5 nm) is grown onto the SnO2 nanowires (NWs) by atomic layer deposition (ALD). SiO2-coated SnO2 CSNWs show a dramatic improvement of the selectivity towards hydrogen. Moreover, the sensing-response is strongly correlated to the thickness of the SiO2-shell and the working temperature. The SnO2-SiO2 CSNWs sensor with a 4.8-nm SiO2 shell thickness exhibits the best selectivity and sensitivity, having ca. 7-fold higher response toward hydrogen compared to bare-SnO2 NWs. The selectivity and enhanced sensing-response are related to the masking effect of the SiO2 shell and an increase in the width of the electron-depletion-layer due to a strong electronic coupling between the SnO2 core and SiO2 coating, respectively.Peer Reviewe