Le territoire français en tant que Système Régional d’Innovation.

En matière d’innovation, la notion de réseau public-privé joue un rôle essentiel. En ce sens, les thèses CIFRE en entreprises permettent de mesurer une forme de relation entre les entreprises et les laboratoires universitaires. Il en résulte un maillage du territoire français qui apparaît particulièrement déséquilibré. L’agglomération parisienne constitue le centre primordial, alors que les autres villes n’occupent que des positions secondaires. Toutefois, des grappes urbaines semblent émerger, sur la base de relations bi-ou multilatérales, en complément de leur articulation avec Paris.système régional d’innovation, réseau, aménagement du territoire, CIFRE.

A Theoretical Evaluation of English Communication Objectives Set for Japanese Senior High School Students

National education is continually revising and updating curriculums for English education across all academic levels, often with ideological objectives that do not adequately reflect the current pragmatic and social situations facings students. Senior high school courses in particular combine objectives and plans of execution that are not always compatible. This paper reviews course objectives from a theoretical standpoint and offers suggestions to interweave theory with practical application methods to ensure senior high school students improve their fluency with understanding and productively using English

A Case Study on the Number of Feedback Items in an EFL Presentation Class

The study of feedback in EFL presentation classes is slowly expanding, but one area that has not been receiving attention has been whether or not the amount of feedback has any effect on learners\u27 grades. This study tracks learners\u27 grades as well as the amount of feedback items they receive on specific criteria over the course of the semester and evaluates the changes of the grades relative to the number of comments in an attempt to determine a correlation. The results indicate that no such trend exists, but students felt that the giving and receiving of comments was worthwhile

Neuroimaging of Unusual Glioblastoma Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Background: Gliosarcoma refers to an uncommon astrocytic tumor of the central nervous system. These tumors include both glial and mesenchymal components by definition, and are extremely malignant. Gliosarcomas are particular to tumors with distinct gliomatous and sarcomatous constituents, and are distinguished from gliobastomas which have undergone mesenchymal metaplasia. Gliosarcomas encompass 2-8% of all glioblastoma cases and tend to occupy the supratentorial regions of the brain, especially the temporal lobe. Rare infratentorial lesions including the cerebellar hemisphere, intraventricular, and multi-focal tumors have also been reported. Accurate neuroimaging diagnosis is critical and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and spectroscopy can be useful to differentiate from inflammatory disease. Methods: We report a 38 year-old Caucasian male with a right parietal lobe glioblastoma. The patient presented with new onset tonic-clonic seizures lasting approximately five minutes associated with postictal confusion and incontinence. The patient had conventional brain MRI scans including DTI. MRI data was processed to obtain tractography and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps. MR images were examined for location and extent of tumor as well as invasion, destruction or displacement of brain parenchyma and white matter tracts. Results: Noncontract CT revealed no abnormality and emergent MR imaging shows a ring-enhancing lesion measuring 3.1x2.2x3.1 cm at the junction of the right parieto-occipital region. The lesion abuts the dural surface, characteristic of gliosarcoma. Extensive surrounding edema causing complete effacement of the posterior horn of the right lateral ventricle, parietal effacement of the anterior floor of the right ventricle, and a 1.2 cm right to left midline shift were observed. Mild diffuse enhancement in the region of the splenium of the corpus callosum was likely compatible with seizure activity. Increased signal intensity of axial FLAIR image was seen in this area after four weeks. Fractional anisotropy is reduced at the tumor site suggesting an aggressive and invasive lesion. Diffusion tensor tractography shows destruction of white matter tracts compatible with destruction rather than invasion of parenchyma. Histopathology confirms gliobastoma multiforme, demonstrating mixed glial and sarcomatous components. However, GFAP was strongly positive in both areas and a reticulin stain was not increased in the sarcomatorus areas excluding the sarcomatous variant of glioblastoma. Conclusion: We report the imaging findings of a rare gliosblastoma radiographically presenting as a gliosarcoma due to its location along the dural surface, but with lack of pathologic findings. Gross total tumor resection was performed and the patient and is undergoing adjuvant radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy

Bacterial superantigen toxins induce a lethal cytokine storm by enhancing B7-2/CD28 costimulatory receptor engagement, a critical immune checkpoint

Formation of the costimulatory axis between the B7-2 and CD28 coreceptors is critical for T-cell activation. Superantigens, Gram-positive bacterial virulence factors, cause toxic shock and sepsis by hyperinducing inflammatory cytokines. We report a novel role for costimulatory receptors CD28 and B7-2 as obligatory receptors for superantigens, rendering them therapeutic targets. We show that by engaging not only CD28 but also its coligand B7-2 directly, superantigens potently enhance the interaction between B7-2 and CD28, inducing thereby T-cell hyperactivation. Using a conserved twelve amino-acid domain, superantigens engage both B7-2 and CD28 at their homodimer interfaces, sites far removed from where these receptors interact, implying that inflammatory signaling can be controlled through the receptor homodimer interfaces. Short B7-2 and CD28 dimer interface mimetic peptides bind diverse superantigens, prevent superantigen binding to cell-surface B7-2 or CD28, attenuate inflammatory cytokine overexpression, and protect mice from lethal superantigen challenge. Thus, superantigens induce a cytokine storm by mediating not only the interaction between MHC-II molecule and T-cell receptor but critically, by promoting B7-2/CD28 coreceptor engagement, forcing the principal costimulatory axis to signal excessively. Our findings highlight the B7/CD28 interaction as a bottleneck in signaling for expression of inflammatory cytokines. B7-2 and CD28 homodimer interface mimetic peptides prevent superantigen lethality by blocking the superantigen-host costimulatory receptor interaction

Investigation of sonic boom for the Space Shuttle: High cross-range orbiter

Recent studies of a proposed low cross-range straight-wing space shuttle orbiter have shown that the sonic boom created during reentry may be objectionable, particularly at low supersonic Mach number. Because of this, additional tests have been conducted to determine the sonic-boom overpressure for a blended wing-body shape proposed for use as a high cross-range shuttle orbiter. Two mission profiles, in which a constant angle of attack was held during the supersonic portion of the flight, were studied. In one case the angle of attack was 60 degrees; in the other 25 degrees. The sonic-boom pressure signatures were measured in a wind tunnel and used to estimate overpressures for both missions. A technique for alleviating the boom is indicated

Les thèses CIFRE, un indicateur de la structuration spatiale de la recherche

En matière d’innovation, la notion de réseau public-privé joue un rôle essentiel. En ce sens, les thèses CIFRE (Convention industrielle de formation par la recherche) en entreprise permettent de mesurer une forme de relation entre les entreprises et les laboratoires universitaires. Il en résulte un maillage du territoire français qui apparaît particulièrement déséquilibré. L’agglomération parisienne constitue le centre principal, alors que les autres villes n’occupent que des positions secondaires. Toutefois, des grappes urbaines semblent émerger, sur la base de relations bi-ou multilatérales, en complément de leur articulation avec Paris.Joint public and private networks play an essential role in the development of innovative projects. In this context, the doctoral reseach carried out at firms in the framework of the CIFRE scheme (which involves industrial agreements on vocational training via research) makes it possible to measure the links formed between firms and university research departments. The resulting map of the French territory shows a highly uneven pattern of distribution. The Paris region constitutes the main hub, and the other cities occupy very secondary positions. Some urban clusters seem to be emerging, however, as the result of the bilateral and multilateral exchanges developing in addition to the links already existing with Paris.Innerhalb des Innovationsprozesses spielt die Beziehung zwischen öffentlichem - privatem Netzwerk eine bedeutende Rolle. Anhand der CIFRE (Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche Industrieübereinkommen über Forschungsausbildung) – Dissertationen kann man die Intensität der Partnerschaft zwischen Laboratorien und Unternehmen ermitteln. Dabei lässt sich eine starke räumliche Polarisierung auf französischem Gebiet feststellen, wobei die Metropolregion Paris das Hauptzentrum darstellt, während die anderen Städte nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen. Doch scheinen sich allmählich neue lokale urbane Cluster zu bilden, die neben ihrer Vernetzung mit Paris auch noch bi- oder multilaterale Kooperationsformen aufweisen

On-chip two-octave supercontinuum generation by enhancing self-steepening of optical pulses

Dramatic advances in supercontinuum generation have been made recently using photonic crystal fibers, but it is quite challenging to obtain an octave-spanning supercontinuum on a chip, partially because of strong dispersion in high-index-contrast nonlinear integrated waveguides. We show by simulation that extremely flat and low dispersion can be achieved in silicon nitride slot waveguides over a wavelength band of 500 nm. Different from previously reported supercontinua that were generated either by higher-order soliton fission in anomalous dispersion regime or by self phase modulation in normal dispersion regime, a two-octave supercontinuum from 630 to 2650 nm (360 THz in total) can be generated by greatly enhancing self-steepening in nonlinear pulse propagation in almost zero dispersion regime, when an optical shock as short as 3 fs is formed, which enables on-chip ultra-wide-band applications

The Contributions of the Psychotherapy Process Q-set to Psychotherapy Research

This year marks the 25th anniversary of the year that the late Enrico Jones first published his manual for the Psychotherapy Process Q-set (PQS). The manual has since been published in Jones' landmark book, Therapeutic Action (2000), and was recently revised and updated by the Massachusetts General Hospital Psychotherapy Research Program. In this article, we mark the 25th anniversary of the PQS by reviewing both the early findings from the measure and more current research driven by those first findings