A comparative study on the village–town distinction in thenmaradchi region: with special reference to j/302 and j /343 divisional areas

The development of area is the most important part in this 21st century when the world countries have come under the globalization. The difference between the village and the town is an obstruction for the development of area. The development of the villages is considered as the development of the nation since the share of the villages is more than the share of the town in extent and population. The village is meant that an area or colony consisting of cottage or houses, made by the people for their existence during the gradual civilization of the humanity .But the town is meant a large human colony where various people live together and it bears certain qualities. The Thenmaradchchi area was researched utilizing the simple random model technique. The village of Sankaththanai (J/302), located nearest to Chavakachcheri town, which was considered as town and the village of varany iyattalai (J/343) which is considered as a highly populated remote village was taken for research utilizing the simple random model technique. The important problem of this research is the difference between the town and village, which is an obstruction for the development of this area. This is to say the difference between the village and the town in utilizing the resources and the availability of same, which is viewed on the ground of economic or non – economic factor, paves way for the impediment of the development of village and town areas. Thereby, the social and economic differences between the people of the village and town creates lot of problems such as inequality in income, poverty, unemployment, inequality of resources and less development .It is impossible to reach the development of Thenmaradchchi area since the difference between the town and village leads for the economical imbalance and the inequality of the social and economic standard. This research was resorted on the gourd of the difference between the town and village. The main aim of this research is to find out the social and economic difference between the people of town and village of Thenmaradchi area.10% of the model family (46 families) were selected through simple random model technique from the grama sevaka divisions of J/302 and J/343 .The dates were collected by issuing questionnaires, discussion and based on secondary information. It is observed that there is economical difference between the town and village in Thenmaradchchi area. This difference is considered as hypothesis 1(H1). The non-economical difference between the village and town in thenmaradchchi area is considered as hypothesis 2(H2). For this research, all the data were analyzed through SPSS and a clear result was obtained. The study found that there are economical and non-economical difference between the village and town of Thenmaradchchi region

Predicting the Growth of Two-Dimensional Nanostructures

The ability to predict the morphology of crystals formed by chemical reactions is of fundamental importance for the shape-controlled synthesis of nanostructures. Based on the atomistic mechanism for crystal growth under different driving forces, we have developed morphology diagrams to predict regimes for the growth of two-dimensional crystals. By using controlled reactions for crystal growth in the absence of surfactants/capping agents, we demonstrate the validity of this approach for the formation of 2-D structures of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd and hydroxyapatite.Comment: 31 pages, 10 figure

A Critical Review on the Concept of the Garbhanga Vikruti with special reference to Teratogenicity

The health of the nation depends on the health of its citizens. Despite the advancements in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions, medical science has failed to keep the incidence of congenital malformations under control. Throughout the history, the birth of malformed infant features has been well documented. Data reveals that 3 to 5% of all births result in congenital malformations, 20 to 30% of all infant deaths are due to genetic disorders and 30 to 50% of post-neonatal deaths are due to congenital malformation. Ayurveda , the ancient Indian system of medicine has given due emphasis on the six procreative factors (Shadbhavas) such as Matruja, Pitruja, Aatmaja, Rasaja, Satmyaja and Sattvaja Bhavas. The combinations of these factors give Shreyasi Praja. The physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being of the person, proper nutrition of the mother during pregnancy and practice of a wholesome regimen, plays a prime role in achieving a healthy offspring, thus structuring a healthy family, society and nation. Negligence to any of these factors will be the main source of unhealthy and defective child birth. The present conceptual study focuses mainly on interpreting Ayurvedic observation on Garbhanga Vikruti with the modern scientific knowledge

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF WILD AND CULTIVATED VARIETIES OF ERANDA (RICINUS COMMUNIS LINN.) ROOT

In Ayurveda, Eranda (Ricinus communis Linn; Euphorbiaceae) root is highlighted for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic action and used as one of the ingredient in many compound formulations. Ricinus communis L. is available both in wild as well as cultivated state. Due to its high demand and less supply of wild variety root, its cultivated variety is fulfilling the market demand. Hence, the present study is carried to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of both the varieties of Eranda root. Decoction of both wild and cultivated varieties of Eranda root (10.8 ml/kg) were taken as test drugs, Phenyl butazone (100 mg/kg) as reference standard and experiment was carried out on Wistar strain albino rats following carrageenan induced paw edema model. Students unpaired t test was applied for analyzing the obtained data, after one, three and five hours. Wild variety root decoction, at studied dose (10.8 ml/kg) level, showed marked decrease in paw edema, in comparison to normal control rats, after one hour (25.25%) and five hours (27.79%) of carrageenan injection. The wild variety root provides additional anti-inflammatory effect, in comparison to reference standard (in percentage form), after one hour (13.63%) and five hours (22.18%) whereas the cultivated variety decreased the inflammation after one hour (15.15%) and increase the inflammation after five hours (02.50%). Decoction of wild variety, of Ricinus communis L. root provided considerable suppression of carrageenan induced paw edema compared to its cultivated variety

Ciprofloxacin induced erythema multiforme: a case report

Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, self-limited, and sometimes recurring skin condition that is considered to be a type IV hypersensitivity reaction associated with certain infections, medications, and other various triggers like flavorings and preservatives, such as benzoic acid and cinnamon, immunologic disorders, such as transient selective C4 deficiency of infancy, collagen diseases, vasculitides, sarcoidosis, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, myeloid metaplasia, and polycythemia, physical or mechanical factors, such as tattooing, radiotherapy, cold, and sunlight, foods, including salmon berries and margarine, malignancy, and hormonal. EM may be present within a wide spectrum of severity. EM minor represents a localized eruption of the skin with minimal or no mucosal involvement. According to a consensus definition, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) was separated from the EM spectrum and added to toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The two spectra are now divided into the following: (1) EM consisting of erythema minor and major and (2) SJS/TEN. Ciprofloxacin is a second generation fluoroquinolone. Fluoroquinolones are rapidly bactericidal in vitro and are considerably potent against Escherichia coli and various species of Salmonella, Shigella, Enterobacter, Campylobacter, and Neisseria. Mainly used in urinary tract infections, prostatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, gastrointestinal and abdominal infections, respiratory tract infections, bone-joint and soft tissue infections. Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antimicrobial medication used particularly for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is on the World Health Organizations list of essential medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system. Here we report the case of a 39-year-old male patient who presented with EM to the dermatology outpatient department, Adichunchanagiri Hospital and Research Centre. The patient gave a history of taking antimicrobials ciprofloxacin and metronidazole for the treatment of a non-healing wound on the right leg which he sustained in a road traffic accident. The review of the literature has revealed very rare associations of metronidazole and pantoprazole with EM, but cases of ciprofloxacin-induced EM have been reported. Hence, the reported adverse drug reaction has been attributed to ciprofloxacin. In this event, casualty assessment using Naranjo’s scale revealed that ciprofloxacin was a probable cause for the adverse drug reaction

Marker-Trait Association for Fruit Characters in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Cultivars

In the present study, putative marker-trait associations were identified within a core collection of mango cultivars by simple-sequence-repeat marker based association study. A panel of 48 mango varieties which represented the core collection of the South-West region of India, were characterized at the molecular level using 31 simple sequence repeat markers. Morphological characterization included important fruit characteristics viz., fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), pulp content and acidity. The study on population structure revealed two sub-groups in the core collection. Association analysis, computed by General Linear Model (GLM), using TASSEL resulted in the identification of seven markers being associated with the trait titrable acidity where as one marker each of the traits fruit weight and TSS. These traitspecific markers were highly significant at p<0.05 and explained a good amount of phenotypic variation by exhibiting substantial R2 values ranging from 0.71 to 0.86 for acidity, 0.61 for TSS and 0.59 for fruit weight. This is the first report on marker-trait associations (MTA) in mango

Teratogenic Potential of Garbha Chintamani Rasa in Wistar Albino Rats with focus on physical and behaviour changes

Teratogens are the substances that may produce physical or functional defects in the human embryo or after the pregnant woman exposed to the substance. Exposure to the teratogenic drugs affects the foetus or embryo in a variety of ways, such as the duration of exposure, the amount of teratogenic substance, and the stage of development the embryo or foetus is in during the exposure. Teratogens may affect the embryo or foetus causing physical malformations, problems in the behavioural or emotional development of the child, and decreased intellectual quotient (IQ) in the child. The present study was carried out to assess the teratogenic potential of Garbhachintamani Rasa in Wistar albino rats based on physical and behaviroal abnormalities. The experiment was designed in such a way that the conformed pregnant rats were selected and administered with Garbhachintamani Rasa for 21 consecutive days. The delivered pups were assessed for teratogenicity based on the physical and behavioural parameter in a set of behaviroal tests such as open field test, rota rod and swimming test at different developing periods. The results showed that, there was significant physical and behavioural alteration in the test drug administered at higher dose level as compared to normal control. Thus it can be concluded that the test drug GCR at therapeutic dose showed well tolerated and nearly normal behavioral pattern, whereas at higher dose it can cause behavioral abnormalities in pups