Advances in Drug Formulation Technology: Enhancing Bioavailability and Patient Compliance

Drug formulation technology is continuously evolving to improve the efficacy and patient experience of pharmaceuticals. This paper explores recent advancements in drug formulation techniques aimed at enhancing drug bioavailability and promoting patient compliance. By addressing challenges related to drug solubility, stability, and delivery, these innovations have the potential to revolutionize drug development and patient care. This paper provides an overview of these advancements, their mechanisms, and their impact on the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare

An Efficient Perceptual of Content Based Image Retrieval System Using SVM and Evolutionary Algorithms

The CBIR tends to index and retrieve images based on their visual content. CBIR avoids several issues related to traditional ways that of retrieving images by keywords. Thus, a growing interest within the area of CBIR has been established in recent years. The performance of a CBIR system mainly depends on the particular image representation and similarity matching operate utilized. The CBIR tends to index and retrieve images supported their visual content. CBIR avoids several issues related to traditional ways that of retrieving images by keywords. Thus, a growing interest within the area of CBIR has been established in recent years. The performance of a CBIR system principally depends on the actual image illustration and similarity matching operate utilized. therefore a replacement CBIR system is projected which can give accurate results as compared to previously developed systems. This introduces the new composite framework for image classification in a content-based image retrieval system. The projected composite framework uses an evolutionary algorithm to select training samples for support vector machine (SVM). to style such a system, the most popular techniques of content-based image retrieval are reviewed initial. Our review reveals some limitations of the existing techniques, preventing them to accurately address some issues

Synthesis, structural and antimicrobial studies of some novel 1-(aroyl)-1-(arylsulphonyl)-2-[4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]ethenes

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Spice bioactives in edible packaging

Edible packaging received significant attention in recent years. The main advantage of edible packaging over synthetic packaging is that they are environment friendly. The material used in edible packaging (lipids, polysaccharides, proteins) is generally recognized as safe and it acts as a barrier to gases, light and moisture. Spices have been traditionally used for its medicinal value. Spice extract or its essential oil possesses various bioactive compounds which are known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial property. Incorporation of spice extract or its essential oil into edible packaging exerts antimicrobial activity against the food pathogens thus preventing food spoilage and enhances the shelf-life and also increases the nutritional value of the final product. Antioxidant properties of spices retard the lipid oxidation. Dietary allergy and intolerance are also associated with packaging material and spices. Because of the high cost of film-forming material, scaling-up of edible packaging has remained a problem

Explainable Artificial Intelligence and Causal Inference based ATM Fraud Detection

Gaining the trust of customers and providing them empathy are very critical in the financial domain. Frequent occurrence of fraudulent activities affects these two factors. Hence, financial organizations and banks must take utmost care to mitigate them. Among them, ATM fraudulent transaction is a common problem faced by banks. There following are the critical challenges involved in fraud datasets: the dataset is highly imbalanced, the fraud pattern is changing, etc. Owing to the rarity of fraudulent activities, Fraud detection can be formulated as either a binary classification problem or One class classification (OCC). In this study, we handled these techniques on an ATM transactions dataset collected from India. In binary classification, we investigated the effectiveness of various over-sampling techniques, such as the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and its variants, Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), to achieve oversampling. Further, we employed various machine learning techniques viz., Naive Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Tree (GBT), Multi-layer perceptron (MLP). GBT outperformed the rest of the models by achieving 0.963 AUC, and DT stands second with 0.958 AUC. DT is the winner if the complexity and interpretability aspects are considered. Among all the oversampling approaches, SMOTE and its variants were observed to perform better. In OCC, IForest attained 0.959 CR, and OCSVM secured second place with 0.947 CR. Further, we incorporated explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and causal inference (CI) in the fraud detection framework and studied it through various analyses.Comment: 34 pages; 21 Figures; 8 Table

Extremely small amounts of B[a]P residues remobilised in long-term contaminated soils:A strong case for greater focus on readily available and not total-extractable fractions in risk assessment

There is a lack of understanding about the potential for remobilisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) residues in soils, specifically after the removal of readily available fractions, and the likelihood to cause harm to human and environmental health. Sequential solvent extractions, using butanol (BuOH), dichloromethane/acetone, and methanolic saponification were used to investigate the time-dependent remobilisation of B[a]P residues in aged soils, after removal of readily available or total-extractable fractions. After 120 d of aging, BuOH-remobilised B[a]P were small or extremely small ranging from 2.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg to 4.5 ± 0.5 mg/kg and from 0.9 ± 0.0 mg/kg to 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/kg, after removal of readily available and total-extractable fractions, respectively. After removal of readily available fractions, the remobilisation rates of B[a]P residues were constant over 5 re-equilibration times, as shown by first-order kinetics. The amounts of B[a]P remobilised significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with aging, particularly in hard organic carbon-rich soils. After 4 years of aging, BuOH- and total-remobilised B[a]P were generally < 5% of the initially spiked 50 mg/kg. Based on the findings of this study, the potential or significant potential for B[a]P NERs in soils to cause significant harm to human and environmental health are minimal

Effect of Low Constant Direct Currents on Quasi-Static Mechanical Response of Carbon Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites

Carbon-fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) can be subjected to two different levels of direct current conduction, either under catastrophic high current conditions such as lightning-strike on an aircraft structure or under low constant current conditions as in multifunctional composite structures used for resistive heating, energy harvesting and distribution. While the effect of high currents for short durations on mechanical properties of CFRP are well studied, effects of long-term exposure to relatively low constant direct currents are studied less. The focus of this study is to measure the change in mechanical properties of CFRP subjected to constant low direct current of different intensities and durations. In the present investigation sixteen ply unidirectional CFRP laminates made of IM7 carbon fiber and Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-F (DGEBF) based epoxy are fabricated using vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) technique. Samples of two different sizes namely coupon (127 mm x 12.7 mm) and plate sizes (254 mm x 177.8 mm) are snug fitted between copper electrodes along the fiber direction and are exposed to two different levels of electric current intensities (0.062 A/mm2 and 0.093 A/mm2) under constant direct current mode for three and six hours. The corresponding change in the voltage which is direct measure of change in resistance of the sample is recorded and logged in a spreadsheet with the help of a BASIC based power supply instruction code. Conduction path within the composite sample is mapped by measuring and logging its surface temperatures continuously using far infrared sensor array (16 x 4 resolution) within a total field of view of 120° x 30° across entire width of the sample at mid-length. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of samples corresponding to current exposed, oven heated and as-is conditions are tested as per ASTM D6641 (combined loading compression test) to determine and compare the maximum compressive strengths. Glass transition temperatures which is a reliable indicative of polymer strength is measured using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for all categories of exposure namely, current exposed, oven heated and as-is samples. Compression strength results have shown no significant change for all kinds of exposure. Voltage-time curves indicate a linear increase in the resistance of the current exposed CFRP sample. However, there is a lot of noise in the voltage history plot which is apparently due to the hotspot formation at the electrode and sample interface. Temperature history plots show a very slow rate of linear increase in temperatures. Glass transition temperatures support the 'no change' claim by maximum compression strength results by indicating no percentage change in glass-transition temperatures of as-is, current and oven exposed sample.Mechanical and Aerospace Engineerin

Arsenic Contamination in Food-chain: Transfer of Arsenic into Food Materials through Groundwater Irrigation

Arsenic contamination in groundwater in Bangladesh has become an additional concern vis-à-vis its use for irrigation purposes. Even if arsenic-safe drinking-water is assured, the question of irrigating soils with arsenic-laden groundwater will continue for years to come. Immediate attention should be given to assess the possibility of accumulating arsenic in soils through irrigation-water and its subsequent entry into the food-chain through various food crops and fodders. With this possibility in mind, arsenic content of 2,500 water, soil and vegetable samples from arsenic-affected and arsenic-unaffected areas were analyzed during 1999–2004. Other sources of foods and fodders were also analyzed. Irrigating a rice field with groundwater containing 0.55 mg/L of arsenic with a water requirement of 1,000 mm results in an estimated addition of 5.5 kg of arsenic per ha per annum. Concentration of arsenic as high as 80 mg per kg of soil was found in an area receiving arsenic-contaminated irrigation. A comparison of results from affected and unaffected areas revealed that some commonly-grown vegetables, which would usually be suitable as good sources of nourishment, accumulate substantially-elevated amounts of arsenic. For example, more than 150 mg/kg of arsenic has been found to be accumulated in arum (kochu) vegetable. Implications of arsenic ingested in vegetables and other food materials are discussed in the paper