Power efficiency enhancement of transmitters using adaptive envelope tracking and shaping techniques for small payload space applications

With the rise of modular system architecture for distributed satellite systems with multiple small payloads instead of conventional larger spacecrafts, the efficient characterization of power budget and available power constraints become even more vital. In order to establish high data rate downlink com munications in small satellite applications, use of highly efficient, non - conventional power amplification techniques is going to be a key factor in future communication systems. The concept of having small, less power consuming and high data rate transmis sion system extends to vast number of applications like light weight Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and hand - held communication modules etc. The idea is to study and develop an adaptive envelope tracking technique which should be able to dynamically supply power to Radiofreq uency power amplifier. Consequently, a n optimal control over system power consumption leads to enhanced efficiency. The amplifiers intended for such systems exhibit nonlinear behavior when it comes to operating at maximum output power an d cause distortion in adjacent bands. Introducing a power supply modulation block in combination with digital linearization techniques such as DPD offers considerable improvement. Th is thesis tests a dynamic power supply adaptive shaping technique f or LTE signals. In comparison to conventional fixed supply RF PAs, Envelope Tracking PA has resulted in improved linearity at the output as well as reduced unwanted power leakage into adjacent frequency channels. By imposing an isogain trajectory trough th e shaping function, we can optimize the available power for high data rate communications while keeping the intermodulation distortion at acceptable levels by considering a tradeoff between efficiency and computational loa

Analysis of Helicobacter pylori gastritis according to Sydney classification.

Introduction: Since H. Pylori has been isolated in stomach and duodenum, there were individual methodologies to explain the grading according to colonization and density of microorganism. In 1990 Sydney system of classification was proposed at the 9th world congress of gastroenterology in Sydney Australia, based on topo-graphical, morphological and etiological findings. This classification revised in 1994 and updated by experts in Houston Texas. H. Pylori is major cause of chronic gastri-tis results in gastric and peptic ulcer. It also causes MALT lymphoma and malignan-cy. For histopathological examination four specimens, two from antrum and two from corpus are recommended.Objective: To evaluate the Sydney system of classification and grading for H. Pylori in local population.Methodology: 287 cases of biopsies received at the department of pathology Mu-hammad Medical College, Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan, during the period of January 2017 to December 2018 were revised. Sections stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin; Alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff to define H. Pylori and associated pathological changes. The microscopical findings classified according to upgraded Sydney pattern.Results: Out of 287 cases of gastric biopsies 23 (8.0%) were positive for H. Pylori. chronic inflammation present in 168 (58.5%). Neutrophilic activity found in 58 (18.1%). Atrophy without metaplasia observed in 31 (10.8%). Intestinal metaplasia present in 1 (0.3%) cases.Conclusion: Sydney system of grading is best to evaluate chronic gastritis and relia-ble indicator of H. Pylori microorganism. Keywords: Chronic gastritis, Gastric carcinoma. H. Pylori

Adherence to drug therapy in psychiatric patients in Nishtar Hospital, Multan (Pakistan)

Adherence is very important issue in any drug therapy especially in psychiatric illnesses. Medicines do not work if not taken and if taken in accordance with advice, provide maximum benefit in terms of positive clinical outcomes. Adherence is defined as the extent to which a patient's behavior coincides with medical or prescribed health advice. The term adherence is preferred over compliance. Non-adherence is a major risk factor for unfavorable clinical outcomes in psychiatry patients. Observational study was carried out at Nishtar Hospital, Multan; locate in Southern Punjab (Pakistan). A questionnaire was designed for this study “Adherence to drug therapy”. Results had shown that relapses occur because of non-adherence. Major reasons for non- adherence include inappropriate information given to patient (30%), worries about addiction to medicines (20%), worries about continuous long term use (10%) and others (40%), poor financial resources and non-availability of pharmacist etc. In conclusion adherence to medication regimen among patients with psychiatric disorders is poor. These findings suggest the need for new approaches for increasing patient compliance

Current status of CO2 capture with ionic liquids: Development and progress

Global warming triggered by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), significantly influences climate change and has become a common environmental issue recently. The current amine-based technologies (ABTs) for CO2 capture (CAPCO2) have high energy demand, low absorption, and desorption rates, and are less environmentally sustainable due to high emissions of volatile solvents. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly CAPCO2 materials and/or processes is a growing area of research. The utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) for CAPCO2 has recently attracted attention. The unique characteristics of ILs, such as their low vapor pressure and high affinity for CAPCO2 as well as their low volatility make them a viable substitute for the existing processes. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the accomplishments and challenges during the use of ILs for CAPCO2. The Review also outlines the mechanisms of the CAPCO2 with ILs at the molecular level, the properties of ILs, characterization of the CO2/IL systems, and the effect of operating conditions on CO2 uptake (UPCO2) capacity by ILs. It also emphasizes the impact of cations, anions, and functional groups on the solubility of CO2 ((SCO2)) in ILs as well as the biodegradability and toxicity of ILs. Additionally, recent advances in IL membrane technology for the CAPCO2 processes are considered. Lastly, the contribution of molecular simulations to create and assess ILs was reviewed. Protic and aprotic ILs properties have shown outstanding efficiency of UPCO2. The interactions between the anionic part of IL and CO2 enhance the UPCO2 and outperform the efficiency of traditional organic solvents. Functionalized ionic liquids (FUNILs) with tuned functional groups, supported ionic liquids membranes (SILMs) as well as reversible ionic liquids (RILs) have improved the efficiency of ILs as a promising CO2 capturing process from industrial streams even under low CO2 partial pressure. The relative importance of the chemical breakdown of the IL constituents (cation-anion interfacial structuring) during the CAPCO2 process at different operating temperatures is unclear, and more research in this area is required to better inform the design of new ILs. This review provides a proper/systematic guideline to help ILs manufacturers and engineers design high-capacity ILs for appropriate CAPCO2. 2023 The AuthorsThe authors acknowledge the support provided by Qatar University grant No QUCG-CENG-21/22-3. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.Scopu

Invite Internet Users to Honeynet Security to Improve VoIP Streaming Services

There are group of challenges in VoIP security, VoIP Quality and lots of peoples worked on it e.g., “IPSec security on VoIP”, “VoIP Honeypot architecture”, “cryptography techniques are used to safely transmit the information stream over the network” and many more. Security is a terminology which cannot be a perfect or 100%. For the time being we can be minimizing and protect to the threats but as the technology increases the new threats are also generating day by day. Researchers have applied different patterns, techniques and scenarios to prevent some specific threats and security frameworks for securing VoIP communication. But in this research, we want to analyze the quality of service after applying Honeynet security framework

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed