Concrete sewer pipe corrosion induced by sulphuric acid environment

Corrosion of concrete sewer pipes induced by sulphuric acid attack is a recognised problem worldwide, which is not only an attribute of countries with hot climate conditions as thought before. The significance of this problem is by far only realised when the pipe collapses causing surface flooding and other severe consequences. To change the existing post-reactive attitude of managing companies, easy to use and robust models are required to be developed which currently lack reliable data to be correctly calibrated. This paper focuses on laboratory experiments of establishing concrete pipe corrosion rate by submerging samples in to 0.5 pH sulphuric acid solution for 56 days under 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC temperature regimes. The result showed that at very early stage of the corrosion process the samples gained overall mass, at 30ºC the corrosion progressed quicker than for other temperature regimes, however with time the corrosion level for 10ºC and 20ºC regimes tended towards those at 30ºC. Overall, at these conditions the corrosion rates of 10 mm/year, 13,5 mm/year and 17 mm/year were observed

Pooled prevalence (%) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of provider level barriers to hypertension management organized by Michie et al framework (n = 13).

<p>Pooled prevalence (%) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of provider level barriers to hypertension management organized by Michie et al framework (n = 13).</p

Study characteristics (n = 69).

<p>¹ Australia, Republic of Korea, Israel, Netherlands, Kuwait, Switzerland, Ireland, Singapore, Europe, Croatia.</p><p>² qualitative studies: India, South Africa, Brazil, Malaysia, Nigeria, Trinidad & Tobago, China, and Russian Federation.</p><p>NA = No studies Available.</p

Barriers to hypertension management, modified from Michie et al (2004) and Fishbein et al (2000).

<p>Barriers to hypertension management, modified from Michie et al (2004) and Fishbein et al (2000).</p

Pooled effect of barriers on hypertension treatment adherence/persistence (n = 5).

<p>Pooled effect of barriers on hypertension treatment adherence/persistence (n = 5).</p

Flow diagram of included studies.

<p>Flow diagram of included studies.</p

Pooled prevalence (%) and 95%CI of patient level barriers to hypertension management organized by Michie et al framework (n = 32).

<p>Pooled prevalence (%) and 95%CI of patient level barriers to hypertension management organized by Michie et al framework (n = 32).</p

Eligibility criteria.

<p>Eligibility criteria.</p

František Palacký and Czech politics in the end of the last century

Timing of data collection in each country. (PDF 14 kb

Additional file 8: Figure S2. of Wealth and cardiovascular health: a cross-sectional study of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in high-, middle- and low-income countries

Adjusted prevalence of hypertension awareness, treatment and control with 95% confidence intervals within PURE cohorts, by wealth quintile and country (ordered by 2006 GDP). (PDF 26 kb