2,504 research outputs found
Measuring international skilled migration: new estimates controlling for age of entry
Recent data on international skilled migration define skilled migrants according to
education level independently of whether education has been acquired in the home
or in the host country. In this paper we use immigrants’ age of entry as a proxy for
where education has been acquired. Data on age of entry are available from a
subset of receiving countries which together represent more than 3/4 of total skilled
immigration to the OECD. Using these data and a simple gravity model, we estimate
the age-of-entry structure of skilled immigration and propose alternative brain drain
measures by excluding those arrived before age 12, 18 and 22. The results for 2000
show that on average, 68% of the global brain drain is accounted for by emigration
of people aged 22 or more upon arrival (78% and 87% for the 18 and 12 year old
thresholds, respectively). For some countries this indeed makes a substantial
difference. However, cross-country differences are globally maintained, resulting in
extremely high correlation levels between corrected and uncorrected rates. Similar
results are obtained for 1990
Remittances and inequality: a dynamic migration model
We develop a model to study the effects of migration and remittances on inequality
in the origin communities. While wealth inequality is shown to be monotonically
reduced along the time-span, the short- and the long-run impacts on income
inequality may be of opposite signs, suggesting that the dynamic relationship
between migration/remittances and inequality may well be characterized by an
inverse U-shaped pattern. This is consistent with the findings of the empirical
literature, yet offers a different interpretation from the usually assumed migration
network effects. With no need to endogenize migration costs through the role of
migration networks, we generate the same result via intergenerational wealth
accumulation
Origin and destination attachment: study of cultural integration on Twitter
The cultural integration of immigrants conditions their overall socio-economic integration as well as natives’ attitudes towards globalisation in general and immigration in particular. At the same time, excessive integration—or assimilation—can be detrimental in that it implies forfeiting one’s ties to the origin country and eventually translates into a loss of diversity (from the viewpoint of host countries) and of global connections (from the viewpoint of both host and home countries). Cultural integration can be described using two dimensions: the preservation of links to the origin country and culture, which we call origin attachment, and the creation of new links together with the adoption of cultural traits from the new residence country, which we call destination attachment. In this paper we introduce a means to quantify these two aspects based on Twitter data. We build origin and destination attachment indices and analyse their possible determinants (e.g., language proximity, distance between countries), also in relation to Hofstede’s cultural dimension scores. The results stress the importance of language: a common language between origin and destination countries favours origin attachment, as does low proficiency in the host language. Common geographical borders seem to favour both origin and destination attachment. Regarding cultural dimensions, larger differences among origin and destination countries in terms of Individualism, Masculinity and Uncertainty appear to favour destination attachment and lower origin attachment
Self-tuning experience weighted attraction learning in games
Self-tuning experience weighted attraction (EWA) is a one-parameter theory of learning in
games. It addresses a criticism that an earlier model (EWA) has too many parameters, by
fixing some parameters at plausible values and replacing others with functions of experience
so that they no longer need to be estimated. Consequently, it is econometrically simpler
than the popular weighted fictitious play and reinforcement learning models.
The functions of experience which replace free parameters “self-tune” over time, adjusting
in a way that selects a sensible learning rule to capture subjects’ choice dynamics. For
instance, the self-tuning EWA model can turn from a weighted fictitious play into an averaging
reinforcement learning as subjects equilibrate and learn to ignore inferior foregone
payoffs. The theory was tested on seven different games, and compared to the earlier parametric
EWA model and a one-parameter stochastic equilibrium theory (QRE). Self-tuning
EWA does as well as EWA in predicting behavior in new games, even though it has fewer
parameters, and fits reliably better than the QRE equilibrium benchmark
Tribological performance of novel Nickel-based composite coatings with lubricant particles
Abstract The present study is focused on the evaluation of the tribological performance of novel Ni/hBN and Ni/WS2 composite coatings electrodeposited from an additive-free Watts bath with the assistance of ultrasound. Lubricated and non-lubricated scratch tests were performed on both novel composite coatings and on standard Ni deposits used as a benchmark coating to have an initial idea of the effect of the presence of particles within the Ni matrix. Under lubricated conditions, the performance of the Ni/hBN composite coating was very similar to the benchmark Ni coating, whereas the Ni/WS2 behaved quite differently, as the latter did not only show a lower coefficient of friction, but also prevented the occurrence of stick-slip motion that was clearly observed in the other coatings. Under non-lubricated conditions, whereas the tribological performance of the Ni/hBN composite coating was again very similar to that of the benchmark Ni coating, the Ni/WS2 composite coatings again showed a remarkable enhancement, as the incorporation of the WS2 particles into the Ni coating not only resulted in a lower coefficient of friction, but also in the prevention of coating failure
The remittances behaviour of the second generation in Europe: altruism or self-interest?
Whereas most research on remittances focuses on first-generation migrants, the aim of this paper is to investigate the remitting behaviour of the host country-born children of migrants - the second generation - in various European cities. Some important studies found that migrant transnationalism is not only a phenomenon for the first generation, but
also apply to the second and higher generations, through, among other things, family visits, elder care, and remittances. At the same time, the maintenance of a strong ethnic identity in the ‘host’ society does not necessarily mean that second-generation migrants have strong transnational ties to their ‘home’ country.
The data used in this paper is from “The Integration of the European Second Generation” (TIES) project. The survey collected information on approximately 6,250 individuals aged 18-35 with at least one migrant parent from Morocco, Turkey or former Yugoslavia, in 15 European cities, regrouped in 8 ‘countries’. For the purpose of this paper, only
analyses for Austria (Linz and Vienna); Switzerland (Basle and Zurich); Germany (Berlin and Frankfurt); France (Paris and Strasbourg); the Netherlands (Amsterdam and Rotterdam); Spain (Barcelona and Madrid); and Sweden (Stockholm) will be presented.
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