1,804 research outputs found
Micro-meteoroid seismic uplift and regolith concentration on kilometric scale asteroids
Seismic shaking is an attractive mechanism to explain the destabilisation of
regolith slopes and the regolith migration found on the surfaces of asteroids
(Richardson et al. 2004; Miyamoto et al. 2007). Here, we use a continuum
mechanics method to simulate the seismic wave propagation in an asteroid.
Assuming that asteroids can be described by a cohesive core surrounded by a
thin non-cohesive regolith layer, our numerical simulations of vibrations
induced by micro-meteoroids suggest that the surface peak ground accelerations
induced by micro-meteoroid impacts may have been previously under-estimated.
Our lower bound estimate of vertical accelerations induced by seismic waves is
about 50 times larger than previous estimates. It suggests that impact events
triggering seismic activity are more frequent than previously assumed for
asteroids in the kilometric and sub-kilometric size range. The regolith lofting
is also estimated by a first order ballistic approximation. Vertical
displacements are small, but lofting times are long compared to the duration of
the seismic signals. The regolith movement has a non-linear dependence on the
distance to the impact source which is induced by the type of seismic wave
generating the first movement. The implications of regolith concentration in
lows of surface acceleration potential are also discussed. We suggest that the
resulting surface thermal inertia variations of small fast rotators may induce
an increased sensitivity of these objects to the Yarkovsky effect.Comment: Accepted for publication in Icaru
Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca
[EN] A flash-flood event hit the northeastern part of
Mallorca on 9 October 2018, causing 13 casualties. Mal- lorca is prone to catastrophic
flash floods acting on a sce- nario of deep landscape transformation caused by Mediter- ranean
tourist resorts. As global change may exacerbate dev- astating flash floods, analyses of
catastrophic events are cru- cial to support effective prevention and mitigation measures.
Field-based remote-sensing and modelling techniques were used in this study to evaluate
rainfall¿runoff processes at the catchment scale linked to hydrological modelling. Continu- ous
streamflow monitoring data revealed a peak discharge of 442 m³ s¿¹ with an unprecedented runoff
response. This ex- ceptional behaviour triggered the natural disaster as a com- bination of heavy
rainfall (249 mm in 10 h), karstic features and land cover disturbances in the Begura de Salma
River catchment (23 km²). Topography-based connectivity indices and geomorphic change detection
were used as rapid post- catastrophe decision-making tools, playing a key role dur- ing the
rescue search. These hydrogeomorphological preci- sion techniques were combined with the Copernicus
Emer- gency Management Service and ¿ground-based¿ damage as-
sessment, which showed very accurately the damage-driving factors in the village of Sant Llorenç
des Cardassar. The main challenges in the future are to readapt hydrological modelling to global
change scenarios, implement an early flash-flood warning system and take adaptive and resilient
measures on
the catchment scale.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Spanish Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the project CGL2017-88200-R "Functional hydrological and sediment connectivity at Mediterranean catchments: global change scenarios -MEDhyCON2".Estrany, J.; Ruiz-Perez, M.; Mutzner, R.; Fortesa, J.; Nacher Rodriguez, B.; Tomas-Burguera, M.; Garcia-Comendador, J.... (2020). Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 20(8):2195-2220. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2195-2020S21952220208Adamovic, M., Branger, F., Braud, I., and Kralisch, S.: Development of a data-driven semi-distributed hydrological model for regional scale catchments prone to Mediterranean flash floods, J. 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Tidally-induced thermonuclear Supernovae
We discuss the results of 3D simulations of tidal disruptions of white dwarfs
by moderate-mass black holes as they may exist in the cores of globular
clusters or dwarf galaxies. Our simulations follow self-consistently the
hydrodynamic and nuclear evolution from the initial parabolic orbit over the
disruption to the build-up of an accretion disk around the black hole. For
strong enough encounters (pericentre distances smaller than about 1/3 of the
tidal radius) the tidal compression is reversed by a shock and finally results
in a thermonuclear explosion. These explosions are not restricted to progenitor
masses close to the Chandrasekhar limit, we find exploding examples throughout
the whole white dwarf mass range. There is, however, a restriction on the
masses of the involved black holes: black holes more massive than M swallow a typical 0.6 M dwarf before their tidal forces
can overwhelm the star's self-gravity. Therefore, this mechanism is
characteristic for black holes of moderate masses. The material that remains
bound to the black hole settles into an accretion disk and produces an X-ray
flare close to the Eddington limit of _\odot$), typically lasting for a few months. The combination
of a peculiar thermonuclear supernova together with an X-ray flare thus
whistle-blows the existence of such moderate-mass black holes. The next
generation of wide field space-based instruments should be able to detect such
events.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, EuroWD0
Detection of Artificially Generated Seismic Signals using Balloon-borne Infrasound Sensors
We conducted an experiment in Pahrump, Nevada, in June 2017, where artificial seismic signals were created using a seismic hammer, and the possibility of detecting them from their acoustic signature was examined. In this work, we analyze the pressure signals recorded by highly sensitive barometers deployed on the ground and on tethers suspended from balloons. Our signal processing results show that wind noise experienced by a barometer on a free‐flying balloon is lower compared to one on a moored balloon. This has never been experimentally demonstrated in the lower troposphere. While seismoacoustic signals were not recorded on the hot air balloon platform owing to operational challenges, we demonstrate the detection of seismoacoustic signals on our moored balloon platform. Our results have important implications for performing seismology in harsh surface environments such as Venus through atmospheric remote sensing
Intracellular Bacteria Encode Inhibitory SNARE-Like Proteins
Pathogens use diverse molecular machines to penetrate host cells and manipulate intracellular vesicular trafficking. Viruses employ glycoproteins, functionally and structurally similar to the SNARE proteins, to induce eukaryotic membrane fusion. Intracellular pathogens, on the other hand, need to block fusion of their infectious phagosomes with various endocytic compartments to escape from the degradative pathway. The molecular details concerning the mechanisms underlying this process are lacking. Using both an in vitro liposome fusion assay and a cellular assay, we showed that SNARE-like bacterial proteins block membrane fusion in eukaryotic cells by directly inhibiting SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. More specifically, we showed that IncA and IcmG/DotF, two SNARE-like proteins respectively expressed by Chlamydia and Legionella, inhibit the endocytic SNARE machinery. Furthermore, we identified that the SNARE-like motif present in these bacterial proteins encodes the inhibitory function. This finding suggests that SNARE-like motifs are capable of specifically manipulating membrane fusion in a wide variety of biological environments. Ultimately, this motif may have been selected during evolution because it is an efficient structural motif for modifying eukaryotic membrane fusion and thus contribute to pathogen survival
Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology.
80These guidelines focus on valvular heart disease in adults and adolescents, are
oriented towards management, and will not deal with endocarditis
and congenital valve diseases in adults and
adolescents, since recent guidelines have been produced
by the ESC on these topics. Although valvular heart disease is less common in
industrialized countries than coronary disease, heart
failure, or hypertension, guidelines are needed in this
field for several reasons: valvular heart disease is common and often requires intervention; substantial advances have been made in the understanding
of its pathophysiology; the patient population has changed with a continuous
decline of acute rheumatic fever and an increased
incidence
of degenerative valvular diseases in industrialized
countries. The incidence of endocarditis remains stable and
other causes of valve disease are rare. Because of the predominance
of degenerative valve disease, the two most frequent
valve diseases are now calcific aortic stenosis and
mitral regurgitation. Aortic regurgitation and mitral stenosis have become less common. Diagnosis is now dominated by echocardiography, which
has become the standard to evaluate valve structure and
function. Treatment has not only developed through the continuing
progress in prosthetic valve technology, but has also been
reoriented by the development of conservative surgical
approaches and the introduction of percutaneous interventional
techniques.openopenVahanian, A; Baumgartner, ; H, ; Bax, ; J, ; Butchart, ; E, ; Dion, ; R, ; Filippatos, ; G, ; Flachskampf, ; F, ; Hall, ; R, ; Iung, ; B, ; Kasprzak, ; J, ; Nataf, ; P, ; Tornos, ; P, ; Torracca, ; L, ; Wenink, ; A, ; Silvia, ; Priori, G.; Blanc, Jean-Jacques; Andrzej, ; Budaj, ; John, ; Camm, ; Veronica, ; Dean, ; Jaap, ; Deckers, ; Kenneth, ; Dickstein, ; John, ; Lekakis, ; Keith, ; Mcgregor, ; Marco, ; Metra, ; João, ; Morais, ; Ady, ; Osterspey, ; Juan, ; Tamargo, ; Luis, José; Zamorano, ; Annalisa, ; Angelini, ; Manuel, ; Antunes, ; Angel, Miguel; Fernandez, Garcia; Christa, ; Gohlke-Baerwolf, ; Gilbert, ; Habib, ; John, ; Mcmurray, ; Catherine, ; Otto, ; Luc, ; Pierard, ; Josè, ; Pomar, L.; Bernard, ; Prendergast, ; Raphael, ; Rosenhek, ; Sousa, Miguel; Uva, ; Juan, ; Tamargo,Vahanian, A; Baumgartner, ; H, ; Bax, ; J, ; Butchart, ; E, ; Dion, ; R, ; Filippatos, ; G, ; Flachskampf, ; F, ; Hall, ; R, ; Iung, ; B, ; Kasprzak, ; J, ; Nataf, ; P, ; Tornos, ; P, ; Torracca, ; L, ; Wenink, ; A, ; Silvia, ; Priori, G.; Blanc, Jean Jacques; Andrzej, ; Budaj, ; John, ; Camm, ; Veronica, ; Dean, ; Jaap, ; Deckers, ; Kenneth, ; Dickstein, ; John, ; Lekakis, ; Keith, ; Mcgregor, ; Marco, ; Metra, Marco; João, ; Morais, ; Ady, ; Osterspey, ; Juan, ; Tamargo, ; Luis, José; Zamorano, ; Annalisa, ; Angelini, ; Manuel, ; Antunes, ; Angel, Miguel; Fernandez, Garcia; Christa, ; Gohlke, Baerwolf; Gilbert, ; Habib, ; John, ; Mcmurray, ; Catherine, ; Otto, ; Luc, ; Pierard, ; Josè, ; Pomar, L.; Bernard, ; Prendergast, ; Raphael, ; Rosenhek, ; Sousa, Miguel; Uva, ; Juan, ; Tamargo
Life Cycle-Dependent Cytoskeletal Modifications in Plasmodium falciparum Infected Erythrocytes
10.1371/journal.pone.0061170PLoS ONE84
Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory
The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger
Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers.
These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of
the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray
energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30
to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of
the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is
determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated
using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due
to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components.
The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of
the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the
AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air
shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy
-- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy
estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the
surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator
scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent
emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for
the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at
least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
Differentially expressed alternatively spliced genes in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma identified using massively parallel transcriptome sequencing
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Analyses of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) databases suggest that most human genes have multiple alternative splice variants. The alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is tightly regulated during development and in different tissue types. Changes in splicing patterns have been described in disease states. Recently, we used whole-transcriptome shotgun pryrosequencing to characterize 4 malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) tumors, 1 lung adenocarcinoma and 1 normal lung. We hypothesized that alternative splicing profiles might be detected in the sequencing data for the expressed genes in these samples.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We developed a software pipeline to map the transcriptome read sequences of the 4 MPM samples and 1 normal lung sample onto known exon junction sequences in the comprehensive AceView database of expressed sequences and to count how many reads map to each junction. 13,274,187 transcriptome reads generated by the Roche/454 sequencing platform for 5 samples were compared with 151,486 exon junctions from the AceView database. The exon junction expression index (EJEI) was calculated for each exon junction in each sample to measure the differential expression of alternative splicing events. Top ten exon junctions with the largest EJEI difference between the 4 mesothelioma and the normal lung sample were then examined for differential expression using Quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) in the 5 sequenced samples. Two of the differentially expressed exon junctions (ACTG2.aAug05 and CDK4.aAug05) were further examined with qRT-PCR in additional 18 MPM and 18 normal lung specimens.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found 70,953 exon junctions covered by at least one sequence read in at least one of the 5 samples. All 10 identified most differentially expressed exon junctions were validated as present by RT-PCR, and 8 were differentially expressed exactly as predicted by the sequence analysis. The differential expression of the AceView exon junctions for the ACTG2 and CDK4 genes were also observed to be statistically significant in an additional 18 MPM and 18 normal lung samples examined using qRT-PCR. The differential expression of these two junctions was shown to successfully classify these mesothelioma and normal lung specimens with high sensitivity (89% and 78%, respectively).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing, combined with a downstream bioinformatics pipeline, provides powerful tools for the identification of differentially expressed exon junctions resulting from alternative splice variants. The alternatively spliced genes discovered in the study could serve as useful diagnostic markers as well as potential therapeutic targets for MPM.</p
Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory
A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding
eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers
with zenith angles greater than detected with the Pierre Auger
Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum
confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above
eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law with
index followed by
a smooth suppression region. For the energy () at which the
spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence
of suppression, we find
eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
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