Relationship Between Physical Activity and Burnout Among University Faculty in Pakistan

Burnout can lead towards challenge in social interaction and physical ailments. This study sought to determine the relationship of physical activity with faculty burnout. A total of 254 faculty members were surveyed from three public sector universities of southern Punjab region of Pakistan. Physical activity and burnout were assessed using IPAQ short version and OLBI, respectively. Findings indicated a significantly negative relationship of total score of physical activity with disengagement, exhaustion, and total burnout score. Physical activity level (low, medium, high) was significantly negatively correlated with total burnout score and subscale of exhaustion. The negative relationship remained evident between total physical activity and burnout after controlling for age, gender, experience, and academic qualification in partial correlation analysis. In addition, it was observed that burnout increased and physical activity decreased with increased age and job experience. These findings suggest that the interventions dealing with faculty burnout may consider physical exercise as a priority to prevent faculty burnout. More priority needs to be given to the faculty members with higher age and job experience

Climate of the Gilgit-Baltistan Province, Pakistan

The present study focuses on the climate conditions of Gilgit Baltistan. It includes the distribution ofdifferent weather elements like precipitation, temperature, number of rainy days, humidity, wind speed, air pressure,evapotranspiration, sunshine, factors affecting climate, and climate classification. Due to glaciation, the area is badlyeroded and consists of deep valleys and moraines. There is a marked variability between the climates of the eastern andwestern observatories of the area. Mostly, terrace agriculture is practiced in the area with deciduous and alpine forests.Based on temperature, the area has been divided into three distinct climate regions, namely, mild, cool, and cold.Whereas, based on precipitation, it classified into arid, semi-arid and undifferentiated highlands. Chilas is the hottestarea of the province, while Astor and Skardu are the coldest. The study area receives heavy precipitation from localthunderstorms, particularly during April and May. There are four rainy seasons, namely winter, pre-monsoon,monsoon, and post monsoon precipitation. The highest precipitation in the area is observed at Astore, while the lowestat Gupis. The relative humidity is below 55% throughout the year and causes chill with low temperature and crackingin human skins. Based on the variability of weather elements, the province has been divided into three macro, threemeso and six micro climate regions

WOMEN WELFARE SERVICES IN SHELTERS: A STUDY OF THE PUNJAB’S DAR-UL-AMAN

Shelter homes have been established in almost all over the world to address the issues of violence against women. The government of Pakistan also followed this practice and these institutions are providing relief to distressed and deprived women in terms of psycho-social counseling, medical, lodging and boarding facilities with marketable skill training. These shelter homes are called Dar-ul-Aman. This study has examined the life experiences of 500 women living in 34 Dar-ul-Aman, working under the Department of Social Welfare and Bait-ul-Mal, Government of the Punjab, Pakistan. Primary data was taken from two involved parties; service-providers and women residing in Dar-ul-Aman. For this purpose, interviews were conducted to collect the information, which was quantitative and qualitative in its nature. The study was to check the role of Dar-ul-Aman as a safe haven for victims of violence, exploring intervention and rehabilitation services. The study also looked in need of a structural overhauling to improve the staff–resident relationship, curbing exploitative practices on shelter premises

Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Summary Background Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development