Multicriteria evaluation on sustainable transport for México - USA border town

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los principios de sustentabilidad en el transporte de una ciudad fronteriza de México con los Estados Unidos: Mexicali, Baja California, a través, de la evaluación multicriterio, en particular el Proceso Analítico Jerárquico (AHP), por sus siglas en ingles. El transporte proporciona múltiples beneficios en forma de bienes, acceso a los servicios, en la movilidad de personas y mercancías; sin embargo, también causa un número importante de costos ambientales, económicos y sociales. Estos costos o externalidades, no son internalizados en la red, por lo tanto, los usuarios no son conscientes de los costes externos marginales de sus actividades y este factor no está en sus patrones de consumo. Las externalidades asociadas con el transporte, incluyen entre otras cosas, las emisiones de contaminación del aire, los gases de efecto invernadero, los accidentes, el ruido y la congestión.The present study aimed to evaluate the principles of sustainability in the transport of a border town in Mexico with the United States: Mexicali, Baja California, though, the multicriteria evaluation, particularly the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Transport provides multiple benefits in the form of goods, access to services, mobility of people and goods; however, also causes a number of environmental, economic and social costs. These costs or externalities are not internalized in the network, thereforeusers are unaware of the marginal external costs of their activities and this factor is not in their consumptionpatterns. Externalities associated with transportation, including among other things, emissions of air pollution, greenhouse gases, accidents,noise and congestion.Fil: Peralta Castillo, Francisco Javier. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (México)Fil: Ranfla González, Arturo. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (México

Geo-spatial and sectoral change in assembly for re-export in Mexico. Structure,geo-space and strategy. 1990 to 2014

México se ha convertido en el séptimo productor mundial de vehículos automotores, pero su función es ensamblar partes y componentes procedentes de las empresas globales, principalmente de Estados Unidos, que absorbe la parte mayoritaria de las re-exportaciones. El auge del ensamble automotriz está relacionado con dos procesos fundamentales: de una parte tiende a culminar el objetivo gubernamental de aumentar el empleo y la captación de divisas en un momento crítico, pues las re-exportaciones de electrónicos mostraron signos de desaceleración por otro lado, la región Centro-Occidental donde se han concentrado la apertura de las nuevas plantas ha aumentado su participación en el PIB nacional, provocando un cambio en el balance nacional. En primera instancia, este creciente rol jugado por México en las redes de producción global podría verse como una oportunidad para lanzar una estrategia de aprendizaje tecnológico al estilo asiático. Sin embargo, no es ese el caso, no por las razones que se esgrimen habitualmente ----es decir, falta de iniciativa---- sino por problemas estructurales de larga gestación relacionados con la naturaleza de la reforma económica neoliberal, que acotaron sustancialmente el margen estratégico de acción para instaurar políticas alternativas. El artículo concluye señalando que un resultado no planificado del auge del ensamble es la aparición de una plataforma productivo-logística derivada de la relativa proximidad en que operan las plantas en esa estratégica región del país; esa plataforma parece abrir oportunidades inéditas de asociación de empresas locales a las automotrices redes globales, principalmente en el sector servicios. Irónicamente, esta oportunidad parece no haberse visualizado ni existen, por lo mencionado arriba, los instrumentos de promoción para efectuar ese giroMexico has become the seventh world producer of automotive vehicles, but its func-tion as an assembler of parts and components from global firms, mainly from the United States,which absorbs almost 90% of the re-exports. The boom in automotive assembly is associated withtwo fundamental processes: on the one hand, it culminates the government effort to increaseemployment and foreign exchange earnings in a critical moment because of the slowdown onelectronics re-export. In addition to sustaining and expanding the assembly, the Governmentis committed to the modernization of the infrastructure, mainly road and ports. On the otherhand, the states on Central-Western region, where new plants have been recently opening,have increased their share in the GDP, causing a change at national level.In the first place, this increasing role played by Mexico in global production networks could beseen as an opportunity to launch an Asian-style strategy for technological learning. However,this is not the case, and not for the reasons that is usually offered, i.e., lack of initiative,but due to long-standing structural problems related to the nature of neo-liberal economicreform, a reform that curtails the scope for strategic action towards new economic policies.The article concludes by stating that an unplanned result of the automotive assembly boomis the emergence of a sort of platform for production and logistics derived from the relativeproximity of plants in that strategic region of the country. That platform could open a newopportunity for the integration of local companies as suppliers to automotive global networks,mainly in the service sector. Ironically, this opportunity is not perceived by policy makers, andfor the reason state above, its looks like there is no economic policy instrument at hand tomake that chang

Economic restructuring plan and emergent regions: Baja California, 1980-1995

The aim of this essay is to foster a discussion on the political and territorial levels that are involved in the process of economic globalization of the Northern border region of Mexico, and particularly the state of Baja California. For such purpose, an approach is taken on the economic and sectorial conditions of the Baja California economy during the 1981-1994 period. Also, a detailed analysis of the sectorial structure and dynamics of production —during that same period— of the main municipalities is Baja California in order to identify the profiles and hierarchy of each of them is carried out

Frontera política y espacio fronterizo

La propuesta de este trabajo es que la frontera no es solamente un instrumento de demarcación territorial como lo sugiere su definición formal; no es una entidad neutra, ni un instrumento absoluto de cada Estado según las líneas discretas y frágiles a que las relegan las cartas geográficas. Lo relevante es que la frontera es un fenómeno social. Como tal, da lugar a la presencia de conflictos, discordancias y transformaciones que la ubican en una dimensión dinámica. Esto la lleva a engendrar costos, des-economías y des-funcionalizaciones cuyos efectos inciden directamente sobre las poblaciones fronterizas e indirectamente sobre los complejos nacionales. El espacio fronterizo, como complejo social, posee la originalidad de establecer un punto fijo en el análisis de formas históricas que resultan de la experiencia, percepción y construcción del espacio

La producción agrícola fronteriza 1977-1981: un análisis estructural

Este trabajo constituye un intento por estudiar la estructura de la producción agrícola regional y un ensayo por medir la sensibilidad de los estados fronterizos con respecto al mercado externo e interno utilizando modelos del análisis regional, tratando de ir más allá de la pura descripción, buscando inferir a través de un estudio descriptivo, una explicación más general sobre los mecanismos intervinientes. De acuerdo a los resultados de este análisis en el Estado de Baja California, se sugiere un alto grado de integración con respecto al exterior, lo cual se manifiesta en menor proporción en la agricultura de riego de las entidades de Tamaulipas y Nuevo León, lo que nos lleva a sugerir la importancia que tiene analizar en una secuencia similar los distritos de riego fronterizos

Reestructuración econónomica y regiones emergentes: Baja California, 1980-1995

The aim of this essay is to foster a discussion on the political and territorial levels that are involved in the process of economic globalization of the Northern border region of Mexico, and particularly the state of Baja California. For such purpose, an approach is taken on the economic and sectorial conditions of the Baja California economy during the 1981-1994 period. Also, a detailed analysis of the sectorial structure and dynamics of production —during that same period— of the main municipalities is Baja California in order to identify the profiles and hierarchy of each of them is carried out.Este ensayo tiene como propósito hacer una discusión de los niveles políticos y territoriales involucrados en el proceso de globalización económica en la región fronteriza del norte de México y en particular el estado de Baja California, haciendo una aproximación de las condiciones económicas y sectoriales de la economía bajacaliforniana durante el periodo 1981-1994. Así como un análisis detallado de la estructura y dinámica sectorial de la producción —durante el mismo periodo—, de los principales municipios en Baja California para identificar el perfil y la jerarquía de cada uno de ellos

Reconfiguración de la economía regional en México 1970-1995

The work has as an objective to explore the sectorial and regional changes that experienced the Mexican economy during the period of 1970-1995. This has been made making an overview of the structural changes of the Mexican economy, which has been characteristic of this period, also studying the dynamics of the regions represented by the 32 states of the country in their sectorial and regional aspects. In the first hand it was studied the behavior of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the 32 states which integrate Mexico in nine big divisions of the economic activity. For the analysis of this information it was applied a multivariate analysis of principal components whose results were processed later with an algorithm of classification of variable point. The obtained classification and their expression in maps for the years of 1970, 1980, 1985 and 1995 made possible to identify the territorial tendencies of the sectorial development of the Mexican economy during the period studied.El trabajo tiene como objetivo explorar los cambios sectoriales y regionales que experimento la economía mexicana durante el periodo de 1970-1995. Esto se hace revisando brevemente los grandes cambios estructurales de la economía mexicana que caracterizaron este periodo y la dinámica de las regiones que representan las los treinta y dos estados del país en sus aspectos sectorial y regional. En la primera parte se estudia el comportamiento del PIB de los 32 estados que integran el país desagregada en nueve grandes divisiones de la actividad económica. Para el análisis de esta información se aplico un análisis multivariado de componentes principales, cuyos resultados se procesaron posteriormente con un algoritmo de clasificación de punto variable. La clasificación obtenida y su expresión en mapas para los años de 1970,1980,1985 y 1995 hicieron posible identificar las tendencias territoriales del desarrollo sectorial de la economía mexicana durante el periodo estudiado. Palabras clave: Economía, desarrollo regional, desarrollo sectorial, cambios estructurales, PI

Reconfiguration of Mexico’s regional economy 1970-1995

The work has as an objective to explore the sectorial and regional changes that experienced the Mexican economy during the period of 1970-1995. This has been made making an overview of the structural changes of the Mexican economy, which has been characteristic of this period, also studying the dynamics of the regions represented by the 32 states of the country in their sectorial and regional aspects. In the first hand it was studied the behavior of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the 32 states which integrate Mexico in nine big divisions of the economic activity. For the analysis of this information it was applied a multivariate analysis of principal components whose results were processed later with an algorithm of classification of variable point. The obtained classification and their expression in maps for the years of 1970, 1980, 1985 and 1995 made possible to identify the territorial tendencies of the sectorial development of the Mexican economy during the period studied

Reconfiguration of Mexico’s regional economy 1970-1995

The work has as an objective to explore the sectorial and regional changes that experienced the Mexican economy during the period of 1970-1995. This has been made making an overview of the structural changes of the Mexican economy, which has been characteristic of this period, also studying the dynamics of the regions represented by the 32 states of the country in their sectorial and regional aspects. In the first hand it was studied the behavior of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the 32 states which integrate Mexico in nine big divisions of the economic activity. For the analysis of this information it was applied a multivariate analysis of principal components whose results were processed later with an algorithm of classification of variable point. The obtained classification and their expression in maps for the years of 1970, 1980, 1985 and 1995 made possible to identify the territorial tendencies of the sectorial development of the Mexican economy during the period studied

Demografía y economía de una capital estatal. Mexicali, Baja California

This work has as a main objective, to identify, in a general way, the sectors of the economical activity in which the city of Mexicali presents a grade of specialization in respect to the state of Baja California in general. To accomplish such objective, in the first part, the general characteri'stics that have definedthe tendencies of demographic behavior in this zone of the country through the 20th century are marked, with the purpose of making evident the nexus that has existed between the modalities that have assumed the economical development of Mexicali, and the fluctuations that have been observed in the components of its population dynamic. The second part of this work is about the evaluation of the specialization of the economical structure of Mexicali, related to the capacity of creating jobs, and the kind of jobs that are created. In this case, tha analitic perspective ofthe "economical basis" is used, since it's important to show the role the border with the United States has played, in relation to the possibilities -past and present- of development in the economy of this area through the capacity of responding to the external demand of goods and services.</p