The Characterization of Carbamate Resistance in the Colorado Potato Beetle, \u3cem\u3eLeptinotarsa decemlineata\u3c/em\u3e (Say), in Comparison with the House Fly, \u3cem\u3eMusca domestica\u3c/em\u3e (L)

Resistant and susceptible populations of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and the house fly, Musca domestica (L), were compared with respect to carbofuran and carbaryl toxicity in the presence and absence of the synergist, piperonyl butoxide. Resistance levels of the New Jersey population when compared with the susceptible Logan population by topical application of carbaryl and carbofuran were \u3e 833 and 820, respectively. A resistance level of 583 was determined from carbofuran bioassays of Rutgers and NAIDM house flies. Similar levels of resistance development between these species suggests the possibility that similar resistance mechanisms may be involved. Utilization of the synergist difference approach for evaluating synergism of these carbamates by piperonyl butoxide indicated that the resistant strains depended to a much greater extent upon detoxication by monooxygenases than did their susceptible counterparts. While piperonyl butoxide synergism resulted in completely restoring the the Rutgers strain of house flies to levels of susceptible counterparts. While piperonyl butoxide synergism resulted in completely restoring the Rutgers strain of house flies to levels of susceptibility, New Jersey Colorado potato beetles were able to retain a significant portion of their resistance and to investigate the possibility that decreased absorption was responsible for the degree of resistance retained following piperonyl butoxide pretreatment. Microsomal preparations from Colorado potato beetle gut and fats body were devoid of measurable monooxygenase activity as determined from O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, in spite of attempts clear gut contents and optimize techniques. In contrast, microsomal preparations from Rutgers and NAIDM house flies demonstrated clear differences in oxidative potential between strains. An analysis of the distribution of NAHPH-cytochrome c reductase in Colorado potato beetle microsomes revealed a loss of enzyme activity from the microsomal pellet into the soluble fraction. The solubilization of this component of the electron transport chain is suggested as a possible limiting factor for in vitro characterizations of the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in xenobiotic metabolism. Determination of NADPH oxidation from microsomal preparations from house flies abdomens and Colorado potato beetle gut and fat body did not demonstrate quantitative differences between tissue sources nor populations of either species. In a similar manner, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase did not vary between house fly strains nor between tissue sources of Colorado potato beetle. There was, however, approximately a two-fold difference in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity between resistant and susceptible populations of Colorado potato beetle larvae. The in vivo distribution of 1-naphthyl-N-methyl (14C) carbamate in resistant and susceptible Colorado potato beetle larvae demonstrated that although significant quantitative differences did not exist between populations with respect to the rate of penetration, excretion, of the radiocarbon was significantly greater in the resistant New Jersey population. This study has been successful in establishing that monooxygenases play a chief role in Colorado potato beetle resistance to carbamate insecticides. This role in Colorado potato beetle resistance to carbamate insecticides. This role was confirmed in part by an increased rate of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in the resistant population, however, traditional xenobiotic metabolism could not be confirmed by other methodology examined. This may be a result of the apparent solubilization of NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase from microsmal preparations due to the unconfirmed presence of an endogenous inhibitor. Further characterizations of resistance mechanisms need to be examined for this destructive agricultural pest

Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms Involved in Insecticide Toxicity and Host Plant Resistance to the Soybean Looper, Pseudoplusia Includens (Walker).

Permethrin, fenvalerate, methomyl, acephate and methyl parathion were bioassayed on larvae of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) and the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner) fed on susceptible (Bragg) versus resistant (PI 227687) soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., cultivars. Soybean loopers reared on resistant leaves were significantly more susceptible to acephate (2-fold) than when reared on susceptible leaves. Velvetbean caterpillars fed resistant leaves were more susceptible to both fenvalerate (1.5-fold) and acephate (1.6-fold) than when fed susceptible leaves. Differences in toxicity of other insecticides due to host plant were not observed. Midgut homogenates from last instar soybean loopers reared on resistant leaves throughout larval life had significantly greater glutathione S-transferase (1.5-fold) and monooxygenase (2-fold) activity than those reared on susceptible leaves. Minor metabolic differences were observed for NADPH cytochrome c reductase and hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate, alpha-naphthyl acetate and acephate. Soybean loopers fed resistant versus susceptible foliage in short term feeding assays had smaller increases in monooxygenase activity (1.5-fold) than were observed in larvae provided leaves throughout larval life. No increase in glutathione S-transferase activity was observed. Significant decreases in hydrolysis of alpha naphthyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl acetate were also observed for larvae fed resistant versus susceptible leaves. Coumestrol, an isoflavonoid associated with resistant leaves, amended into artificial diet resulted in weight reductions of soybean looper larvae. Soybean loopers fed coumestrol-amended diet were less tolerant of fenvalerate (1.5-fold) and more tolerant to methomyl (2-fold). Midgut homogenates of larvae fed coumestrol-amended diet had significant increases in glutathione S-transferase activity. These results suggest that coumestrol is involved in PI 227687 resistance, but also indicates involvement of other factors. Soybean loopers suspected of permethrin resistance were less susceptible to knockdown by permethrin than a laboratory population. They also had increased levels of glutathione S-transferase (2.7-fold), monooxygenase (1.8-fold), and hydrolase (alpha naphthyl acetate (1.5-fold), p-nitrophenyl acetate (1.5-fold), permethrin (1.5-fold)) activities than susceptible larvae. The observed resistance is therefore due to a combination of knockdown resistance and increased metabolic activity

The NASA CYGNSS Mission; A Pathfinder for GNSS Scatterometry Remote Sensing Applications

ABSTRACT Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based scatterometry offers breakthrough opportunities for wave, wind, ice, and soil moisture remote sensing. Recent developments in electronics and nano-satellite technologies combined with modeling techniques developed over the past 20 years are enabling a new class of remote sensing capabilities that present more cost effective solutions to existing problems while opening new applications of Earth remote sensing. Key information about the ocean and global climate is hidden from existing space borne observatories because of the frequency band in which they operate. Using GNSS-based bi-static scatterometry performed by a constellation of microsatellites offers remote sensing of ocean wave, wind, and ice data with unprecedented temporal resolution and spatial coverage across the full dynamic range of ocean wind speeds in all precipitating conditions. The NASA Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a space borne mission being developed to study tropical cyclone inner core processes. CYGNSS consists of 8 GPS bi-static radar receivers to be deployed on separate micro-satellites in October 2016. CYGNSS will provide data to address what are thought to be the principle deficiencies with current tropical cyclone intensity forecasts: inadequate observations and modeling of the inner core. The inadequacy in observations results from two causes: 1) Much of the inner core ocean surface is obscured from conventional remote sensing instruments by intense precipitation in the eye wall and inner rain bands. 2) The rapidly evolving (genesis and intensification) stages of the tropical cyclone life cycle are poorly sampled in time by conventional polar-orbiting, wide-swath surface wind imagers. It is anticipated that numerous additional Earth science applications can also benefit from the cost effective high spatial and temporal sampling capabilities of GNSS remote sensing. These applications include monitoring of rough and dangerous sea states, global observations of sea ice cover and extent, meso-scale ocean circulation studies, and near surface soil moisture observations. This presentation provides a primer for GNSS based scatterometry, an overview of NASA's CYGNSS mission and its expected performance, as well as a summary of possible other GNSS based remote sensing applications

Nanosat Technology And Managed Risk; An Update Of The CYGNSS Microsatellite Constellation Mission Development

Existing and forecasted budget constraints continue to drive innovative solutions for space-based mission applications. NASA’s Earth science mission, the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) was selected as part of NASA\u27s Earth Venture program with a total mission cost cap (excluding launch vehicle) of $103M. Performing valuable science at low cost is only possible given technology innovation and a development risk posture higher than typically accepted for NASA missions. CYGNSS is being designed to address present tropical cyclone intensity forecasting deficiencies. These deficiencies are thought to be the root cause for essentially no improvement in the accuracy of the storm’s intensity prediction (Classification and Category levels) since 1990 while tropical storm track forecasts have improved in accuracy by ~50%. The mission will combine the all-weather performance of GNSS bi-static ocean surface scatterometry with the sampling properties of a satellite constellation to provide science measurements never before available to the tropical cyclone operational and research communities. The mission cost cap dictates that the CYGNSS flight segment of 8 Observatories, each carrying a 4-channel GPS-based scatterometer, all be launched on a single launch vehicle. The mission will demonstrate how recent developments in nano- and micro-satellite technology integration, including recent developments in star trackers and reaction wheels, when combined with a managed risk approach, can be applied as cost effective solutions to fill capability voids of large-scale observatories. CYGNSS will also demonstrate low cost science mission operations, how to safely deploy a constellation from a single launch vehicle without collision, and a low-cost method for constellation configuration management. The CYGNSS SmallSat 2014 paper will provide an update of the mission system development status, an overview of how a synergistic approach between flight and ground segments enables a cost effective science mission solution, and a description of our approach to constellation configuration control

Challenges of implementing computer-aided diagnostic models for neuroimages in a clinical setting

Advances in artificial intelligence have cultivated a strong interest in developing and validating the clinical utilities of computer-aided diagnostic models. Machine learning for diagnostic neuroimaging has often been applied to detect psychological and neurological disorders, typically on small-scale datasets or data collected in a research setting. With the collection and collation of an ever-growing number of public datasets that researchers can freely access, much work has been done in adapting machine learning models to classify these neuroimages by diseases such as Alzheimer’s, ADHD, autism, bipolar disorder, and so on. These studies often come with the promise of being implemented clinically, but despite intense interest in this topic in the laboratory, limited progress has been made in clinical implementation. In this review, we analyze challenges specific to the clinical implementation of diagnostic AI models for neuroimaging data, looking at the differences between laboratory and clinical settings, the inherent limitations of diagnostic AI, and the different incentives and skill sets between research institutions, technology companies, and hospitals. These complexities need to be recognized in the translation of diagnostic AI for neuroimaging from the laboratory to the clinic.</p

Contact Hypersensitivity to Oxazolone Provokes Vulvar Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Mice

The interplay among pain, allergy and dysregulated inflammation promises to yield significant conceptual advances in immunology and chronic pain. Hapten-mediated contact hypersensitivity reactions are used to model skin allergies in rodents but have not been utilized to study associated changes in pain perception in the affected skin. Here we characterized changes in mechanical hyperalgesia in oxazolone-sensitized female mice challenged with single and repeated labiar skin exposure to oxazolone. Female mice were sensitized with topical oxazolone on their flanks and challenged 1-3 times on the labia. We then measured mechanical sensitivity of the vulvar region with an electronic pressure meter and evaluated expression of inflammatory genes, leukocyte influx and levels of innervation in the labiar tissue. Oxazolone-sensitized mice developed vulvar mechanical hyperalgesia after a single labiar oxazolone challenge. Hyperalgesia lasted up to 24 hours along with local influx of neutrophils, upregulation of inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and increased density of cutaneous labiar nerve fibers. Three daily oxazolone challenges produced vulvar mechanical hyperalgesic responses and increases in nerve density that were detectable up to 5 days post-challenge even after overt inflammation resolved. This persistent vulvar hyperalgesia is resonant with vulvodynia, an understudied chronic pain condition that is remarkably prevalent in 18-60 year-old women. An elevated risk for vulvodynia has been associated with a history of environmental allergies. Our pre-clinical model can be readily adapted to regimens of chronic exposures and long-term assessment of vulvar pain with and without concurrent inflammation to improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying subsets of vulvodynia and to develop new therapeutics for this condition

SOSIALISASI PEMBAYARAN DIGITAL (QRIS) DAN BRANDING UMKM DI DESA KUALA TOLAM

In an ever-evolving digital era, technological advancements have transformed the way we conduct transactions and engage in business activities. This research focuses on two interrelated aspects: the socialization of digital payments through QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) and the implementation of branding for Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) in rural areas. Digital payments have expanded access to more efficient financial services, while branding assists MSMEs in competing in an increasingly competitive market. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the socialization of digital payments (QRIS) on the growth of rural MSMEs and how branding can enhance their competitiveness. Additionally, the research assesses the overall economic impact of digital payment socialization on rural economies. The research findings indicate that the socialization of digital payments (QRIS) has had a positive impact on the growth of rural MSMEs, particularly in terms of increased transaction volumes and income. Furthermore, MSME branding has contributed to improving their competitiveness by establishing a strong brand identity, enhancing product or service quality, and expanding market reach. This research provides valuable insights into the role of digital technology in advancing the MSME sector in rural areas and offers guidance and recommendations to government authorities, business stakeholders, and academics on harnessing digital payments and branding in this contex

Natural Gas Resources of the Greater Green River and Wind River Basins of Wyoming (Assessing the Technology Needs of Sub-economic Resources, Phase I: Greater Green River and Wind river Basins, Fall 2002)

In 2000, NETL conducted a review of the adequacy of the resource characterization databases used in its Gas Systems Analysis Model (GSAM). This review indicated that the most striking deficiency in GSAM’s databases was the poor representation of the vast resource believed to exist in low-permeability sandstone accumulations in western U.S. basins. The model’s databases, which are built primarily around the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1995 National Assessment (for undiscovered resources), reflected an estimate of the original-gas-inplace (OGIP) only in accumulations designated “technically-recoverable” by the USGS –roughly 3% to 4% of the total estimated OGIP of the region. As these vast remaining resources are a prime target of NETL programs, NETL immediately launched an effort to upgrade its resource characterizations. Upon review of existing data, NETL concluded that no existing data were appropriate sources for its modeling needs, and a decision was made to conduct new, detailed log-based, gas-in-place assessments

Natural Gas Resources of the Greater Green River and Wind River Basins of Wyoming (Assessing the Technology Needs of Sub-economic Resources, Phase I: Greater Green River and Wind river Basins, Fall 2002)

In 2000, NETL conducted a review of the adequacy of the resource characterization databases used in its Gas Systems Analysis Model (GSAM). This review indicated that the most striking deficiency in GSAM’s databases was the poor representation of the vast resource believed to exist in low-permeability sandstone accumulations in western U.S. basins. The model’s databases, which are built primarily around the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1995 National Assessment (for undiscovered resources), reflected an estimate of the original-gas-inplace (OGIP) only in accumulations designated “technically-recoverable” by the USGS –roughly 3% to 4% of the total estimated OGIP of the region. As these vast remaining resources are a prime target of NETL programs, NETL immediately launched an effort to upgrade its resource characterizations. Upon review of existing data, NETL concluded that no existing data were appropriate sources for its modeling needs, and a decision was made to conduct new, detailed log-based, gas-in-place assessments