A Revision of the Surgeon Fish Genera Zebrasoma and Paracanthurus

Volume: 9Start Page: 396End Page: 41

Contribution to the Biology of the Whitetip Reef Shark (Triaenodon obesus)

The whitetip reef shark, Triaenodon obesus (Ruppell), is broadly distributed in t4e tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific oceans from the Red Sea (type locality) and east coast of Africa to the eastern Pacific. Formerly classified in the Triakidae, it is now regarded as a carcharhinid. It is distinctive in its slender body (depth about 7 in precaudal length), obtuse snout, 43 to 50 teeth in each jaw in at least two functional rows, the teeth with one or two small cusps on each side of the large central cusp, and white tips on at least the first dorsal fin and upper lobe of the caudal fin. It is closely associated with coral reefs and is often seen at rest in caves. There is evidence that this shark has a home cave to which it may return after foraging for food. Although reported to attain a total length of 7 feet (213 em) or more, the largest of 231 individuals measured by the author and associates was 168 em total length (135 cm precaudal length). Seven recoveries were made of 124 whitetips tagged at Johnston Island (time at liberty with tags 16 days to 2 years). Two of the tagged sharks were caught in the same area as that in which they were released and the others were taken .3 to 2.9 km from the tagging sites. The growth rate of the tagged sharks, which ranged from 81 to 105 em precaudal length, varied from 2.1 to 4.2 em/year. Two captive sharks, 73 and 88 em precaudal length, grew at the rate of 4 and 2.3 cm, respectively, in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea over a period of 3 years. A whitetip born in captivity in July at a precaudal length of 43.2 cm at Enewetak, Marshall Islands, grew 2 em in 6 weeks. The stomachs of 56 whitetips were opened; 33 were empty; 17 contained the remains of fishes (those identified were all reef fishes such as scarids and acanthurids); four had eaten octopuses, and two contained both fishes and octopuses. One reference described a diet of xanthid crabs and spiny lobsters. A juvenile whitetip was found in the stomach of a larger grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus); some of the larger sharks such as the tiger and Galapagos sharks are probably more important predators than this grouper. The sex ratio does not deviate significantly from 1 : I except for whitetips caught in traps; 65 of 107 trap-caught sharks were males. The smallest mature female T. obesus of this study measured 101.2 cm precaudal length (but a smaller size might be expected), and the smallest mature male was 82 cm. Litter size ranges from one to five. Compared to other carcharhinids, T. obesus is a relatively placid species which need not be feared by divers unless provoked or attracted by spearfishing (even then aggressive behavior toward man is rare). This shark may cause ciguatera poisoning, especially if the liver is eaten

Fabrication and Characterization of Controllable Grain Boundary Arrays in Solution Processed Small Molecule Organic Semiconductor Films

We have produced solution-processed thin films of 6,13-bis(triisopropyl-silylethynyl) pentacene with grain sizes from a few micrometers up to millimeter scale by lateral crystallization from a rectangular stylus. Grains are oriented along the crystallization direction, and the grain size transverse to the crystallization direction depends inversely on the writing speed, hence forming a regular array of oriented grain boundaries with controllable spacing. We utilize these controllable arrays to systematically study the role of large-angle grain boundaries in carrier transport and charge trapping in thin film transistors. The effective mobility scales with the grain size, leading to an estimate of the potential drop at individual large-angle grain boundaries of more than one volt. This result indicates that the structure of grain boundaries is not molecularly abrupt, which may be a general feature of solution processed small molecule organic semiconductor thin films where relatively high energy grain boundaries are typically formed. This may be due to the crystal Transient measurements after switching from positive to negative gate bias or between large and small negative gate bias reveal reversible charge trapping with time constants on the order of 10 s, and trap densities that are correlated with grain boundary density. We suggest that charge diffusion along grain boundaries and other defects is the rate determining mechanism of the reversible trapping.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure

Review of the Fishes of the Genus Kuhlia (Perciformes: Kuhliidae) of the Central Pacific

Ten species offishes of the genus Kuhlia are recognized from Palau to Hawai'i in the North Pacific and from Fiji to Easter Island in the South Pacific: K malo (Valenciennes) from fresh water in the Society Islands; K marginata (Cuvier) from fresh water in the western Pacific, east to Kosrae, Caroline Islands, and Fiji; K mugil (Forster) (K taeniura is a synonym) from most of the Indo-Pacific (not the Hawaiian Islands) and the tropical eastern Pacific; K munda (De Vis) from fresh and brackish water in Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and Queensland (K proxima Kendall & Goldsborough and K bilunulata Herre are synonyms); K nutabunda Kendall & Radcliffe from Easter Island; K petiti Schultz from the Phoenix Islands, Malden Island, and the Marquesas Islands (Dules taeniurus marquesensis Fowler is a synonym); K sandvicensis (Steindachner) from the Hawaiian Islands and other islands of the central Pacific; K rupestris (Lacepede) from fresh water from East Africa to Samoa (K caerulescens Regan from the Solomon Islands is a new synonym); K saklea Schultz from fresh water in the Samoa Islands; and K xenura (Jordan & Gilbert) from the Hawaiian Islands, with a mistaken type locality of El Salvador, Central America. The name K sandvicensis has long been used for the common endemic species in the Hawaiian Islands; however, the original description leaves little doubt that it should apply to the species widely distributed in the central Pacific and only recently discovered in Hawai'i; it has usually been misidentified as K marginata. The endemic Hawaiian species therefore takes the only available name, K xenura (Jordan & Gilbert). Kuhlia sandvicensis differs from K xenura in having a smaller eye (3.0-3.45 in head length, compared with 2.55-2.95 for K xenura), straight dorsal profile of the head of adults (concave in xenura); usually 14 pectoral-fin rays (usually 15 in xenura), usually 50 lateral-line scales (usually 49 in xenura), gill rakers 38-43 (35-39 for xenura), and a dark reticular pattern dorsally on the head in life

Iodine sorption study on the proposed use of Viton A in a shuttle galley water accumulator

The installation of a Viton A accumulator in the Shuttle galley has been proposed to prevent overpressurization of the hot water supply system. A laboratory study has been conducted to determine if there would be any interaction between the Viton A material and the iodine used to disinfect the water. Coupons of Viton A were exposed for 24 hours to aqueous iodine solutions similar in quality to the Shuttle's potable water. Changes in the iodine residual were monitored to determine the rate of iodine sorption by the coupon. Total organic carbon (TOC) was monitored to determine the rate of desorption of organic materials from the Viton A. The same coupons were then soaked in reagent-grade water for 24 hours, and iodine was monitored to determine the rate of iodine desorption. The coupons were again exposed to iodine solutions for 24 hours and iodine and TOC were monitored. No significant change in the iodine sorption rate was detected between the first and second exposures. A triangle taste test indicated at a 1 percent confidence level that the water exposed to Viton A had a different taste which was less acceptable to the panelists

Review of the Cardinalfishes (Perciformes: Apogonidae) of the Red Sea

Twelve genera and 54 species of cardinalfishes are reported from the Red Sea. The Red Sea cardinalfishes include: Apogon annularis Rüppell, A. apogonides (Bleeker), Apogon bryx Fraser, A. campbelli Smith, A. coccineus Rüppell, A. cookii Macleay, A. cyanosoma Bleeker, A. erythrosoma n. sp., A. exostigma (Jordan & Starks), A. fleurieu (Lacepède), A. fraenatus Valenciennes, A. guamensis Valenciennes, A. gularis Fraser & Lachner, A. heptastygma Cuvier, A. isus Randall & Böhlke, A. kallopterus Bleeker, A. leptacanthus Bleeker, A. multitaeniatus Cuvier, A. nigrofasciatus Lachner, A. pharaonis Bellotti, A. pselion Randall, Fraser & Lachner, A. pseudotaeniatus Gon, A. quadrifasciatus Cuvier, A. queketti Gilchrist, A. semiornatus Peters, A. smithi (Kotthaus), A. spilurus Regan, A. taeniatus Cuvier, A. talboti Smith, A. timorensis Bleeker, A. zebrinus Fraser, Randall & Lachner, Apogonichthys perdix Bleeker, Archamia bilineata Gon & Randall, Archamia fucata (Cantor), Archamia lineolata (Cuvier), Cercamia eremia (Allen), Cheilodipterus lachneri Klausewitz, C. lineatus (Forsskål), C. macrodon LacepPde, C. novemstriatus (Rüppell), C. pygmaios Gon, C. quinquelineatus Cuvier, Foa fo Jordan & Seale, Fowleria aurita (Valenciennes), F. marmorata (Alleyne & Macleay), F. vaiulae (Jordan & Seale), F. variegata (Valenciennes), Neamia octospina Smith & Radcliffe, Pseudamia gelatinosa Smith, Rhabdamia cypselura Weber, R. nigrimentum (Smith), R. spilota Allen & Kuiter, Siphamia permutata Klausewitz, and Sphaeramia orbicularis (Cuvier). Twelve (22%) of the apogonid species are endemic. Seven species, i.e. Apogon apogonides, A. campbelli, A. erythrosoma, A. talboti, Foa fo, Rhabdamia spilota and Sphaeramia orbicularis, are new to the Red Sea. Apogon coccineus of previous authors is a complex of three species, including campbelli Smith and erythrosoma n. sp. The dark-striped species of Apogon of the Red Sea previously identified as angustatus, endekataenia, fasciatus, or novemfasciatus are cookii and nigrofasciatus. Red Sea apogonids identified by previous authors as Apogon bandanensis, monochrous, nubilus and savayensis, are guamensis and zebrinus. Apogon micromaculatus Kotthaus is A. spilurus Regan. The specimen of Apogon kiensis reported by Smith (1961) from the Red Sea is A. bryx, recently described from the Philippines. In the genus Fowleria, polystigma (Bleeker) and punctulata (Rüppell) are junior synonyms of variegata (Valenciennes). F. abocellata Goren & Karplus is a junior synonym of vaiulae (Jordan & Seale), and isostigma (Jordan & Seale) does not occur in the Red Sea. Apogon cupreus and A. latus, both of Cuvier, are unidentifiable. A. hyalosoma and A. taeniophorus are doubtful records

Initial overview of disconnection events in Halley's Comet 1986

We present an initial overview of the disconnection events (DE's) in Comet Halley in 1986. Although disconnection events are arguably the most spectacular of all dynamic comet phenomena, the mechanisms by which they occur are not fully understood. It is generally believed that the solar wind plays a major role in determining when disconnection events occur, but the details of the solar wind/cometary interactions responsible for initiating the tail disconnection are still under debate. The three most widely accepted models are: (1) high speed streams in the solar wind cause the tail to disconnect due to pressure effects; (2) decreased production of cometary ions in a high speed stream allows magnetic field to slip away from the comet; and (3) the tail disconnects after frontside reconnection of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) as the comet crosses a magnetic field sector boundary. We find that the front-side magnetic reconnection model is the best explanation for the DE's we have considered

Ichthyological Bulletin of the JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 58

The following 84 gobioid fishes are reported from the Maldive Islands (those preceded by asterisk represent new records). GOBIIDAE: Amblyeleotris aurora (Polunin & Lubbock), *A. diagonalis Polunin and Lubbock, *A. periophthalma (Bleeker), *A. steinitzi (Klausewitz), A. wheeleri (Polunin & Lubbock), * Amblygobius hectori (Smith), A. semicinctus (Bennett), * Asterropteryx semipunctatus Ruppell, *A. spinosus (Goren), *Bathygobius calitus (Bennett), B. cocosensis (Bleeker), *B. cyclopterus (Valenciennes), * Cabillus tongarevae (Fowler), * Callogobius centrolepis Weber, *C. sclateri (Steindachner), *C. sp., Cryptocentrus fasciatus (Playfair & Gunther), *Ctenogobiops crocineus Smith, C. feroculus Lubbock & Polunin, * Eviota albolineata Jewett & Lachner, *E. guttata Lachner & Karnella, *E. nebulosa Smith, *E. nigripinna Lachner & Karnella, *E. prasina (Kluzinger), *E. sebreei Jordan & Seale, *E. zebrina Lachner & Karnella, *E. sp., * Flabelligobius latruncularius (Klausewitz), * Fusigobius duospilus Hoese & Reader, *F. neophytus (Gunther), *F. sp. 1 (sp. A of Winterpottom & Emery, 1986), *F. sp. 2 (sp. B of Winterbottom & Emery, 1986), *Gnatholepis anjerensis (Bleeker), *G. scapulostigma Herre, *Gobiodon citrinus (Ruppell), *G. sp. (Chagos specimens identified as G. rivulatus by Winterbottom & Emery, 1986), *Hetereleotris zanzibarensis (Smith), *Istigobius decoratus (Herre), *Macrodontogobius wilburi Herre, Oplopomus caninoides (Bleeker) (reported from Maldives by Regan, 1908), O. Oplopomus (Valenciennes) (reported from Maldives by Regan, 1908, as Hoplopomus acanthistius), *Opua maculipinnis, n. sp. (Opua E.K. Jordan is regarded as a senior synonym of Oplopomops Smith; the new species is characterized as follows: no dorsal spines filamentous, the third longest; 10 soft rays in second dorsal and anal fins; 27 scales in longitudinal series on body, 9 prodorsal scales; body depth 4.9 in SL, a midlateral row of five dusky blotches on body each containing a pair of dark brown spots, a large dusky spot under eye, and a large black spot posteriorly in first dorsal fin), *Palutrus reticularis Smith,* Papillogobius reichei (Bleeker), *Paragobiodon lacuniculus (Kendall and Goldsborough), *P. modestus (Regan), *Pleurosicya michelli Fourmanoir, *Priolepis cinctus (Regan), *P. nocturnus (Smith), *P. semidoliatus (Valenciennes), P. sp., Stonogobiops dracula Lubbock & Polunin, * Sueviota lachneri Winterbottom & Hoese, *Trimma emeryi Winterbottom, *T. flammeum (Smith), *T. naudei Smith, *T. striata (Herre), *T. taylori Lobel, *T. tevegae Cohen & Davis, *T sp. 1, *T. sp. 2, *T. sp. 3, *T. sp. 4 (these four species of trimma to be described by R. Winterbottom), *Trimmatom nanus Winterbottom & Emery, Valenciennea helsdingenii (Bleeker), V. puellaris (Tomiyama), V. sexguttata (Valenciennes), V. strigata (Broussonet), V. sp. (to be named by Hoese and Larson, in press), Vanderhorstia ambanoro (Fourmanoir),* V. ornatissima Smith, V. prealta Lachner & McKinney. ELEOTRIDIDAE: Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker. MICRODESMIDAE: * Gunnellichthys curiosus Dawson, *G. monostigma Smith, G. viridescens Dawson, *Ne- mateleotris decora Randall & Allen, N. magnifica Fowler, Ptereleotris evides (Jordan & Hubbs), P. heteroptera Bleeker, *P. microlepis (Bleeker), *P. zebra (Fowler), *P. sp. (probably either P. hanae or P. arabica; specimen needed). XENISTHMIDAE: Xenisthmus polyzonatus (Klunzinger).Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of SAIA

Palauan Fish Names

Palauans have names for most fishes of importance to them. Three hundred thirty-six vernacular fish names and their 312 scientific equivalents are listed. Palauan names show little similarity to Yapese and Guamanian names. Different native names exist for different life stages and sexes of many fishes, and some variation in names occurs between northern and southern Palau. Earlier publications of Palauan fish names are discussed

Paper Session I-A - Starlab Overview

Stariab, a test bed designed to be flown on NASA\u27s Space Shuttle, will be used to conduct a series of acquisition, tracking, and pointing (ATP) experiments that are relevant to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Mission. In the primary experiment, Stariab will acquire, track, and precisely point a laser beam at an instrumented 4-stage booster rocket known as Starbird. Simultaneously, booster plume data will be collected at a variety of wavelengths and at resolutions never before achieved in space. Stariab will also be used to demonstrate advanced adaptive optics techniques using a booster plume source, rapid optical retargeting, and laser communications from space to below the ocean\u27s surface. In addition, Stariab will be used to collect data on earthspace backgrounds and on adaptive optics systems used to compensate for atmospheric turbulence