Caractérisation des activités cytoprotectrices de molécules utilisées dans le traitement de la sclérose en plaques (diméthyle fumarate, monométhyle fumarate, biotine) sur des oligodendrocytes 158N : impact sur le stress oxydant, le statut mitochondrial, le statut lipidique, l’apoptose et l’autophagie

Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in lipid metabolism are a common denominator of neurodegenerative diseases (MN), such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Under oxidative stress conditions, excess cholesterol is removed by oxidation, producing oxysterols. In humans, the 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) is often found at increased levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or plasma of patients with MN, including MS.In this context, a preliminary clinical study on CSF and plasma of patients with RR MS was carried out to search for lipid metabolism and oxidative stress biomarkers and to determine the possible correlations between 7β-OHC and the different mechanisms associated with the MS pathogenesis. An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the biological activities of three molecules used in the treatment of MS, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and its major metabolite, monomethyl fumarate (MMF), and biotin on 158N murine oligodendrocytes, and to determine their cytoprotective potentialities by focusing on their ability to oppose the toxicity of 7β-OHC. For this, spectrophotometric, analytical and molecular biology techniques were used.Our results have shown an increased level of HODE associated with an enhancement of oxysterol levels in the plasma, notably 7KC and 7β-OHC, as well an alteration in fatty acid metabolism in the CSF and plasma of patients with SEP. The in vitro study revealed that DMF, MMF, and biotin can counteract the deleterious effects of 7β-OHC namely; cell death by oxiapoptophagy defined by the association of apoptosis, autophagy and oxidative stress. Moreover, these molecules correct the structural modifications and the disequilibrium of the redox status characterized by an overproduction of radical oxygen species, an increased activity of the principal antioxidant enzymes and an amplification of the macromolecules oxidation induced by the 7β- OHC. They also attenuate the mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunctions, the alterations of myelin protein expression as well as the lipid profile disorder induced by 7β-OHC.Our study provides arguments in favor of the ability of DMF, MMF, and biotin, to attenuate the major events associated with the death of oligodendrocytes which could contribute to demyelination. This reinforces the interest in these molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including MS.Le stress oxydant, les dysfonctions mitochondriaux et les altérations du métabolisme lipidique sont un dénominateur commun des maladies neurodégénératives (MN), comme la sclérose en plaques (SEP). Dans les conditions du stress oxydant, l’excès du cholestérol est éliminé par oxydation, produisant des oxystérols. Chez l'homme, le taux du 7β-hydroxycholestérol (7β-OHC) est souvent trouvé à des taux élevés dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien (LCR) et/ ou le plasma de patients atteints de MN, notamment la SEP.Dans ce contexte, une étude clinique préliminaire sur le LCR et le plasma de patients atteints de SEP RR a été réalisée dans le but de rechercher des biomarqueurs du métabolisme lipidique et du stress oxydant et de déterminer d‘éventuelles corrélations entre le 7β-OHC et les différents mécanismes associés à la pathogenèse de la SEP. Une étude in vitro a été réalisée afin d’évaluer les activités biologiques de trois molécules utilisées dans le traitement de la SEP, le diméthyle fumarate (DMF) et son métabolite le monométhyle fumarate (MMF), et la biotine sur des oligodendrocytes murins 158N, et à déterminer leurs potentialités cytoprotectrices en se focalisant sur leurs capacités à s’opposer à la toxicité du 7β-OHC. Pour cela, des techniques spectrophotométriques, analytiques et de biologies moléculaires ont été utilisées.Nos résultats ont révélé une augmentation du taux de HODE associée à une augmentation du taux plasmatiques d’oxystérols, notamment 7KC et 7β-OHC, ainsi qu’une altération du métabolisme d’acides gras au niveau du LCR et du plasma des patients atteints de SEP. L’étude in vitro a montré que le DMF, le MMF et la biotine présentent des capacités à atténuer les effets délétères du 7β-OHC à savoir; la mort cellulaire par oxiapoptophagie définie par l’association de l’apoptose, l’autophagie et le stress oxydant. De plus, ces molécules corrigent les modifications structurales et le déséquilibre du statut redox caractérisé par une surproduction d’espèces radicalaires d’oxygène, une activité accrue des principales enzymes anti-oxydantes et une amplification de l'oxydation de macromolécules induites par le 7β-OHC. Elles atténuent également les dysfonctionnements mitochondriaux et péroxysomaux, les altérations de l’expression de protéines de myéline ainsi que le désordre du profil lipidique, induits par le 7β-OHC.Notre étude apporte des arguments en faveurs de la capacité du DMF, du MMF et de la biotine, à atténuer les phénomènes majeurs associés à la mort des oligodendrocytes qui pourraient contribuer à la démyélinisation. Ceci renforce l'intérêt porté à ces molécules pour le traitement des maladies neurodégénératives incluant la SEP

Characterization of the cytoprotective activities of molecules used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, biotin) on 158N oligodendrocytes : impact on oxidative stress, mitochondrial status, lipid status, apop

Le stress oxydant, les dysfonctions mitochondriaux et les altérations du métabolisme lipidique sont un dénominateur commun des maladies neurodégénératives (MN), comme la sclérose en plaques (SEP). Dans les conditions du stress oxydant, l’excès du cholestérol est éliminé par oxydation, produisant des oxystérols. Chez l'homme, le taux du 7β-hydroxycholestérol (7β-OHC) est souvent trouvé à des taux élevés dans le liquide céphalo-rachidien (LCR) et/ ou le plasma de patients atteints de MN, notamment la SEP.Dans ce contexte, une étude clinique préliminaire sur le LCR et le plasma de patients atteints de SEP RR a été réalisée dans le but de rechercher des biomarqueurs du métabolisme lipidique et du stress oxydant et de déterminer d‘éventuelles corrélations entre le 7β-OHC et les différents mécanismes associés à la pathogenèse de la SEP. Une étude in vitro a été réalisée afin d’évaluer les activités biologiques de trois molécules utilisées dans le traitement de la SEP, le diméthyle fumarate (DMF) et son métabolite le monométhyle fumarate (MMF), et la biotine sur des oligodendrocytes murins 158N, et à déterminer leurs potentialités cytoprotectrices en se focalisant sur leurs capacités à s’opposer à la toxicité du 7β-OHC. Pour cela, des techniques spectrophotométriques, analytiques et de biologies moléculaires ont été utilisées.Nos résultats ont révélé une augmentation du taux de HODE associée à une augmentation du taux plasmatiques d’oxystérols, notamment 7KC et 7β-OHC, ainsi qu’une altération du métabolisme d’acides gras au niveau du LCR et du plasma des patients atteints de SEP. L’étude in vitro a montré que le DMF, le MMF et la biotine présentent des capacités à atténuer les effets délétères du 7β-OHC à savoir; la mort cellulaire par oxiapoptophagie définie par l’association de l’apoptose, l’autophagie et le stress oxydant. De plus, ces molécules corrigent les modifications structurales et le déséquilibre du statut redox caractérisé par une surproduction d’espèces radicalaires d’oxygène, une activité accrue des principales enzymes anti-oxydantes et une amplification de l'oxydation de macromolécules induites par le 7β-OHC. Elles atténuent également les dysfonctionnements mitochondriaux et péroxysomaux, les altérations de l’expression de protéines de myéline ainsi que le désordre du profil lipidique, induits par le 7β-OHC.Notre étude apporte des arguments en faveurs de la capacité du DMF, du MMF et de la biotine, à atténuer les phénomènes majeurs associés à la mort des oligodendrocytes qui pourraient contribuer à la démyélinisation. Ceci renforce l'intérêt porté à ces molécules pour le traitement des maladies neurodégénératives incluant la SEP.Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in lipid metabolism are a common denominator of neurodegenerative diseases (MN), such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Under oxidative stress conditions, excess cholesterol is removed by oxidation, producing oxysterols. In humans, the 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) is often found at increased levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or plasma of patients with MN, including MS.In this context, a preliminary clinical study on CSF and plasma of patients with RR MS was carried out to search for lipid metabolism and oxidative stress biomarkers and to determine the possible correlations between 7β-OHC and the different mechanisms associated with the MS pathogenesis. An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the biological activities of three molecules used in the treatment of MS, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and its major metabolite, monomethyl fumarate (MMF), and biotin on 158N murine oligodendrocytes, and to determine their cytoprotective potentialities by focusing on their ability to oppose the toxicity of 7β-OHC. For this, spectrophotometric, analytical and molecular biology techniques were used.Our results have shown an increased level of HODE associated with an enhancement of oxysterol levels in the plasma, notably 7KC and 7β-OHC, as well an alteration in fatty acid metabolism in the CSF and plasma of patients with SEP. The in vitro study revealed that DMF, MMF, and biotin can counteract the deleterious effects of 7β-OHC namely; cell death by oxiapoptophagy defined by the association of apoptosis, autophagy and oxidative stress. Moreover, these molecules correct the structural modifications and the disequilibrium of the redox status characterized by an overproduction of radical oxygen species, an increased activity of the principal antioxidant enzymes and an amplification of the macromolecules oxidation induced by the 7β- OHC. They also attenuate the mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunctions, the alterations of myelin protein expression as well as the lipid profile disorder induced by 7β-OHC.Our study provides arguments in favor of the ability of DMF, MMF, and biotin, to attenuate the major events associated with the death of oligodendrocytes which could contribute to demyelination. This reinforces the interest in these molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including MS

Nitric Oxide-Releasing Drug Glyceryl Trinitrate Targets JAK2/STAT3 Signaling, Migration and Invasion of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive disease with invasive and metastasizing properties associated with a poor prognosis. The STAT3 signaling pathway has shown a pivotal role in cancer cell migration, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance of TNBC cells. IL-6 is a main upstream activator of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. In the present study we examined the impact of the NO-donor glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) on the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and subsequent migration, invasion and metastasis ability of TNBC cells through in vitro and in vivo experiments. We used a subtoxic dose of carboplatin and/or recombinant IL-6 to activate the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and its functional outcomes. We found an inhibitory effect of GTN on the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling, migration and invasion of TNBC cells. We discovered that GTN inhibits the activation of JAK2, the upstream activator of STAT3, and mediates the S-nitrosylation of JAK2. Finally, the effect of GTN (Nitronal) on lung metastasis was investigated to assess its antitumor activity in vivo

Resvega, a Nutraceutical Preparation, Affects NFκB Pathway and Prolongs the Anti-VEGF Effect of Bevacizumab in Undifferentiated ARPE-19 Retina Cells

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an irreversible chronic degenerative pathology that affects the retina. Despite therapeutic advances thanks to the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, resistance mechanisms have been found to accentuate the visual deficit. In the present study, we explored whether a nutraceutical formulation composed of omega-3 fatty acids and resveratrol, called Resvega®, was able to disrupt VEGF-A secretion in human ARPE-19 retina cells. We found that Resvega® inhibits VEGF-A secretion through decreases in both the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and NFκB signaling pathways. In NFκB signaling pathways, Resvega® inhibits the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NFκB, IκB, which can bind NFκB dimers and sequester them in the cytoplasm. Thus, the NFκB subunits cannot migrate to the nucleus where they normally bind and stimulate the transcription of target genes such as VEGF-A. The IκB kinase complex (IKK) is also affected by Resvega® since the nutraceutical formulation decreases both IKKα and IKKβ subunits and the IKKγ subunit which is required for the stimulation of IKK. Very interestingly, we highlight that Resvega® could prolong the anti-angiogenic effect of Avastin®, which is an anti-VEGF agent typically used in clinical practice. Our results suggest that Resvega® may have potential interest as nutritional supplementation against AMD

The effect of oxysterols on nerve impulses.

International audienceThe propagation of nerve impulses in myelinated nerve fibers depends on a number of factors involving the myelin and neural axons. In several neurodegenerative diseases, nerve impulses can be affected by the structural and biochemical characteristics of the myelin sheath and the activity of ion channels located in the nodes of Ranvier. Though it is generally accepted that lipid disorders are involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, little is known about their impact on nerve impulses. Cholesterol oxide derivatives (also called oxysterols), which are either formed enzymatically or as a result of cholesterol auto-oxidation or both, are often found in abnormal levels in the brain and body fluids of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. This leads to the question of whether these molecules, which can accumulate in the plasma membrane and influence its structure and functions (fluidity, membrane proteins activities, signaling pathways), can have an impact on nerve impulses. It is currently thought that the ability of oxysterols to modulate nerve impulses could be explained by their influence on the characteristics and production of myelin as well as the functionality of Na+ and K+ channels

Dimethyl fumarate and monomethyl fumarate attenuate oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations leading to oxiapoptophagy in 158N murine oligodendrocytes treated with 7β-hydroxycholesterol

International audienceOxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and favor lipid peroxidation, leading to increased levels of 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) which induces oxiapoptophagy (OXIdative stress, APOPTOsis, autoPHAGY). The cytoprotective effects of dimethylfumarate (DMF), used in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and of monomethylfumarate (MMF), its main metabolite, were evaluated on murine oligodendrocytes 158 N exposed to 7β-OHC (50 μM, 24 h) with or without DMF or MMF (25 μM). The activity of 7β-OHC in the presence or absence DMF or MMF was evaluated on several parameters: cell adhesion; plasma membrane integrity measured with propidium iodide (PI), trypan blue and fluoresceine diacetate (FDA) assays; LDH activity; antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)); generation of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes (CDs)) and protein oxidation products (carbonylated proteins (CPs)); reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction conducted with DHE and DHR123. The effect on mitochondria was determined with complementary criteria: measurement of succinate dehydrogenase activity, evaluation of mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) and mitochondrial superoxide anions (O2●−) production using DiOC6(3) and MitoSOX, respectively; quantification of mitochondrial mass with Mitotracker Red, and of cardiolipins and organic acids. The effects on mitochondrial and peroxisomal ultrastructure were determined by transmission electron microscopy. Intracellular sterol and fatty acid profiles were determined. Apoptosis and autophagy were characterized by staining with Hoechst 33,342, Giemsa and acridine orange, and with antibodies raised against caspase-3 and LC3. DMF and MMF attenuate 7β-OHC-induced cytotoxicity: cell growth inhibition; decreased cell viability; mitochondrial dysfunction (decrease of succinate dehydrogenase activity, loss of ΔΨm, increase of mitochondrial O2●− production, alteration of the tricarboxilic acid (TCA) cycle, and cardiolipins content); oxidative stress induction (ROS overproduction, alteration of GPx, CAT, and SOD activities, increased levels of MDA, CDs, and CPs); changes in fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism; and cell death induction (caspase-3 cleavage, activation of LC3-I in LC3-II). Ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria and peroxisomes were prevented. These results demonstrate that DMF and MMF prevent major dysfunctions associated with neurodegenerative diseases: oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and autophagy

Attenuation of 7-ketocholesterol-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and autophagy by dimethyl fumarate on 158 N murine oligodendrocytes

Mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress are involved in several non demyelinating or demyelinating neurodegenerative diseases. Some of them, including multiple sclerosis (MS), are associated with lipid peroxidation processes leading to increased levels of 7-ketocholesterol (7KC). So, the eventual protective effect of dimethylfumarate (DMF), which is used for the treatment of MS, was evaluated on 7KC-treated oligodendrocytes, which are myelin synthesizing cells. To this end, murine oligodendrocytes 158N were exposed to 7KC (25, 50μM) for 24h without or with DMF (1, 25, 50μM). The biological activities of DMF associated or not with 7KC were evaluated by phase contrast microscopy, crystal violet and MTT tests. The impact on transmembrane mitochondrial potential (ΔYm), O2- and H2O2 production, apoptosis and autophagy was measured by microscopical and flow cytometric methods by staining with DiOC6(3), dihydroethidine and dihydrorhodamine 123, Hoechst 33342, and by Western blotting with the use of specific antibodies raised against uncleaved and cleaved caspase-3 and PARP, and LC3-I/II. DMF attenuates the different effects of 7KC, namely: cell growth inhibition and/or loss of cell adhesion, decrease of ΔΨm, O2- and H2O2 overproduction, PARP and caspase-3 cleavage, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and activation of LC3-I into LC3-II. The ability of DMF to attenuate 7KC-induced reactive oxygen species overproduction, apoptosis, and autophagy on oligodendrocytes reinforces the interest for this molecule for the treatment of MS or other demyelinating diseases

Induction of peroxisomal changes in oligodendrocytes treated with 7-ketocholesterol: Attenuation by α-tocopherol

This work was presented as an oral presentation at the 7th ENOR (European Network for Oxysterol Research) Symposium ‘Oxysterols and Sterol Derivatives in Health and Disease’, September 21–22, 2017, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (https://www.oxysterols.net/).International audienceThe involvement of organelles in cell death is well established especially for endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and mitochondria. However, the role of the peroxisome is not well known, though peroxisomal dysfunction favors a rupture of redox equilibrium. To study the role of peroxisomes in cell death, 158 N murine oligodendrocytes were treated with 7-ketocholesterol (7 KC: 25-50 mu M, 24 h). The highest concentration is known to induce oxiapoptophagy (OXIdative stress + APOPTOsis + autoPHAGY), whereas the lowest concentration does not induce cell death. In those conditions (with 7 KC: 50 mu M) morphological, topographical and functional peroxisome alterations associated with modifications of the cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria, with mitochondrial dysfunction (loss of transmembrane mitochondrial potential, decreased level of cardiolipins) and oxidative stress were observed: presence of peroxisomes with abnormal sizes and shapes similar to those observed in Zellweger fibroblasts, lower cellular level of ABCD3, used as a marker of peroxisomal mass, measured by flow cytometry, lower mRNA and protein levels (measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting) of ABCD1 and ABCD3 (two ATP-dependent peroxisomal transporters), and of ACOX1 and MFP2 enzymes, and lower mRNA level of DHAPAT, involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation and plasmalogen synthesis, respectively, and increased levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA: C24:0, C24:1, C26:0 and C26:1, quantified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) metabolized by peroxisomal beta-oxidation. In the presence of 7 KC (25 mu M), slight mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress were found, and no induction of apoptosis was detected; however, modifications of the cytoplasmic distribution of mitochondria and clusters of mitochondria were detected. The peroxisomal alterations observed with 7 KC (25 mu M) were similar to those with 7 KC (50 mu M). In addition, data obtained by transmission electron microcopy and immunofluorescence microscopy by dual staining with antibodies raised against p62, involved in autophagy, and ABCD3, support that 7 KC (25-50 mu M) induces pexophagy. 7 KC (25-50 mu M)-induced side effects were attenuated by alpha-tocopherol but not by alpha-tocotrienol, whereas the anti-oxidant properties of these molecules determined with the FRAP assay were in the same range. These data provide evidences that 7 KC, at concentrations inducing or not cell death, triggers morphological, topographical and functional peroxisomal alterations associated with minor or major mitochondrial changes

Comparison of the effects of major fatty acids present in the Mediterranean diet (oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid) and in hydrogenated oils (elaidic acid) on 7-ketocholesterol-induced oxiapoptophagy in microglial BV-2 cells

International audienceIncreased levels of 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), which results mainly from cholesterol auto-oxidation, are often found in the plasma and/or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurodegenerative diseases and might contribute to activation of microglial cells involved in neurodegeneration. As major cellular dysfunctions are induced by 7KC, it is important to identify molecules able to impair its side effects. Since consumption of olive and argan oils, and fish is important in the Mediterranean diet, the aim of the study was to determine the ability of oleic acid (OA), a major compound of olive and argan oil, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) present in fatty fishes, such as sardines, to attenuate 7KC-induced cytotoxic effects. Since elaidic acid (EA), the trans isomer of OA, can be found in hydrogenated cooking oils and fried foods, its effects on 7KC-induced cytotoxicity were also determined. In murine microglial BV-2 cells, 7KC induces cell growth inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunctions, reactive oxygen species overproduction and lipid peroxidation, increased plasma membrane permeability and fluidity, nuclei condensation and/or fragmentation and caspase-3 activation, which are apoptotic characteristics, and an increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, which is a criterion of autophagy. 7KC is therefore a potent inducer of oxiapoptophagy (OXIdation + APOPTOsis + autoPHAGY) on BV-2 cells. OA and EA, but not DHA, also favor the accumulation of lipid droplets revealed with Masson's trichrome, Oil Red O, and Nile Red staining. The cytotoxicity of 7KC was strongly attenuated by OA and DHA. Protective effects were also observed with EA. However, 7KC-induced caspase-3 activation was less attenuated with EA. Different effects of OA and EA on autophagy were also observed. In addition, EA (but not OA) increased plasma membrane fluidity, and only OA (but not EA) was able to prevent the 7KC-induced increase in plasma membrane fluidity. Thus, in BV-2 microglial cells, the principal fatty acids of the Mediterranean diet (OA, DHA) were able to attenuate the major toxic effects of 7KC, thus reinforcing the interest of natural compounds present in the Mediterranean diet to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases

Protective Effects of α-Tocopherol, γ-Tocopherol and Oleic Acid, Three Compounds of Olive Oils, and No Effect of Trolox, on 7-Ketocholesterol-Induced Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Dysfunction in Microglial BV-2 Cells

Lipid peroxidation products, such as 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), may be increased in the body fluids and tissues of patients with neurodegenerative diseases and trigger microglial dysfunction involved in neurodegeneration. It is therefore important to identify synthetic and natural molecules able to impair the toxic effects of 7KC. We determined the impact of 7KC on murine microglial BV-2 cells, especially its ability to trigger mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction, and evaluated the protective effects of α- and γ-tocopherol, Trolox, and oleic acid (OA). Multiple complementary chemical assays, flow cytometric and biochemical methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of these molecules. According to various complementary assays to estimate antioxidant activity, only α-, and γ-tocopherol, and Trolox had antioxidant properties. However, only α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and OA were able to impair 7KC-induced loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which is associated with increased permeability to propidium iodide, an indicator of cell death. In addition, α-and γ-tocopherol, and OA were able to prevent the decrease in Abcd3 protein levels, which allows the measurement of peroxisomal mass, and in mRNA levels of Abcd1 and Abcd2, which encode for two transporters involved in peroxisomal β-oxidation. Thus, 7KC-induced side effects are associated with mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction which can be inversed by natural compounds, thus supporting the hypothesis that the composition of the diet can act on the function of organelles involved in neurodegenerative diseases