2 nd Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015

Abstract Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. It has considerable psychological, social, and economic impacts. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on the articulation and strategic contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of a close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. It is hoped that this document will strengthen the development of integrated actions against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research

Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas

This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.  Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities.   Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.  The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.  The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.     Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou. A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica. Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas. A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica. A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.    Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz.&nbsp

Unified Medical Care Sector: creation, purposes, contribution to health surveillance, and perspectives

Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Estamos presenciando uma complexa transição epidemiológica com a emergência de doenças infecciosas até então desconhecidas e a reemergência de doenças tidas como controladas, sendo o envelhecimento e as mudanças climáticas fatores importantes de vulnerabilidade. O Instituto Evandro Chagas, visando fortalecer sua missão de vigilância em saúde, criou o Setor de Atendimento Médico Unificado a partir de uma demanda de pacientes para esclarecimento diagnóstico de síndrome infecciosa com ênfase em febre prolongada. No decurso do seu nono ano de atuação, o Setor contabiliza 34.057 atendimentos, com média anual de 3.700 pacientes. Dessa demanda, extraem-se informações valiosas para a vigilância epidemiológica e para o fortalecimento do conhecimento sobre doenças emergentes. A febre tifoide e a doença de Chagas, duas das principais causas de febre na região, são exemplos marcantes. Nos últimos cinco anos, foram registrados 308 casos de febre tifoide e a média anual de 15 surtos microepidêmicos de doença de Chagas. A identificação dos agravos tem desencadeado investigações em parceria com as Secretarias Estadual e Municipais de Saúde para o diagnóstico rápido, oportunizando também a geração de evidências científicas potencialmente aplicáveis na atenção e na prevenção. Assim, a criação do serviço de atenção médico-diagnóstica em uma instituição de pesquisa médica visou não apenas fortalecer a pesquisa gerando conhecimento, mas, sobretudo, fortalecer a estratégia de diagnóstico rápido em endemias regionais, além de implementar a pesquisa de aplicação imediata de resultados a populações negligenciadas em sintonia com a resiliência própria do compromisso institucional com a saúde pública.We are witnessing a complex epidemiological transition with the emergence of previously unknown infectious diseases, and the re-emergence of diseases that were believed to be under control, with aging and climate change as important factors of vulnerability. The Instituto Evandro Chagas created the Unified Medical Care Sector (Setor de Atendimento Médico Unificado) to strengthen its health surveillance mission. This was a result of patients demand for diagnostic clarification of infectious diseases with an emphasis on prolonged fever. During the ninth year of its creation, the Sector has had 34,057 hospital visits and an annual average of 3,700 patients. From this data, valuable information was extracted for epidemiological surveillance and for strengthening understanding about emerging diseases. The data for typhoid fever and Chagas disease, two leading causes of fever in the region, were striking. In the previous five years, 308 cases of typhoid fever was recorded and there was an annual average of 15 micro-epidemic outbreaks of Chagas disease. The identification of diseases trigger the investigations in partnership with the State and Municipal Health Secretariats for quick diagnosis. Moreover, it supports the generation of scientific evidence potentially applicable to health attention and prevention. Thus, the creation of the medical-diagnostic attention service in a medical research institution has not only strengthened the researches that generate knowledge but also the rapid diagnostic response to regional endemic diseases. Furthermore, it has enabled the researches on immediate application of results to relatively neglected populations, which is in line with the institutional commitment to public health

Atrial fibrillation in acute chagas disease acquired via oral transmission: A case report

This study received funding/financial support from Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), Ministério da Saúde do Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Pará. Belém, PA, Brasil.Fundação Hospital de Clínicas Gaspar Viana. Belém, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Atrial fibrillation (AF), a type of supraventricular arrhythmia increases the risk of thromboembolism. Chagas disease has been reported in the Brazilian Amazon region over approximately 20 years. Cardiac abnormalities are recorded in at least 50% of patients and among these, 3.3% develop AF. We describe a case of a 41-year-old man from Muaná, Pará State, who reported a 30-day history of a febrile illness. Acute Chagas disease was confirmed, and an electrocardiogram revealed AF. He was treated with antiparasitic and anti-arrhythmic drugs, beta blockers, and anticoagulants. Reversion to sinus rhythm was observed at his 9-month follow-up

Cross-reactivity in serological tests between Chagas disease and visceral Leishmaniasis in endemic regions for both diseases

Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Na Amazônia brasileira não é incomum o achado de áreas com interseção de ocorrência de diversas doenças tropicais, entre estas são destaque a doença de Chagas aguda e a leishmaniose visceral (LV), em especial pelas mudanças na epidemiologia desses agravos nos últimos anos. Os achados clínicos são por vezes também comuns em alguns casos, e os testes sorológicos podem apresentar reações cruzadas entre essas doenças. O objetivo deste relato de caso é ressaltar a importância da avaliação clínica criteriosa para uma interpretação correta dos testes sorológicos. É apresentado um caso com síndrome febril com dois meses de evolução, associada à síndrome consumptiva e hepatoesplenomegalia, em que o primeiro teste diagnóstico para doença de Chagas aguda, utilizando o método de imunofluorescência indireta, foi positivo para IgM e IgG. Também obteve-se o mesmo resultado com o teste de hemaglutinação indireta. O teste sorológico para LV mostrou-se igualmente positivo, com elevada titulação para IgG (1:2560). Os demais achados clínicos, como hepatoesplenomegalia e pancitopenia, ajudaram na elucidação do diagnóstico de LV. A resposta terapêutica efetiva ao tratamento específico para LV com antimoniais foi uma evidência final para o diagnóstico da doença nesse caso. É enfatizada a necessidadede uma avaliação clínica bastante criteriosa para a interpretação adequada dos testes sorológicos e também o desenvolvimento de testes com maior especificidade é destacado em um contexto de ocorrência simultânea desses agravos, como o que ocorre na Região Amazônica.In the Brazilian Amazon is not uncommon to find areas with intersecting occurrence of several tropical diseases, among these acute Chagas disease and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are highlighted, particularly by changes in the epidemiology of these diseases in recent years. Clinical findings are also common in some cases and serological tests can present cross-reactivity between those diseases. The objective of this case report is to highlight the importance of careful clinical evaluation in order to obtain a correct interpretation of serological tests. A case with febrile syndrome with two months of evolution was presented, associated with wasting syndrome and hepatosplenomegaly, where the first diagnostic test for acute Chagas disease, using the indirect immunofluorescence method, was positive for IgM and IgG. It was obtained the same result with the hemagglutination test. Serological tests for VL was equally positive, with high titer IgG (1:2560). Other clinical findings such as hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia helped to elucidate the diagnosis of VL. The effective therapeutic response to the treatment with antimonial for VL was a final evidence for the diagnosis in this case. It is emphasized the necessity of a careful clinical evaluation for the proper interpretation of serological tests and also the development of more specific tests that is highlighted in a context of simultaneous occurrence of these health problems as occur in the Amazon region

Atrial fibrillation in acute Chagas disease acquired via oral transmission: a case report

Abstract Atrial fibrillation (AF), a type of supraventricular arrhythmia increases the risk of thromboembolism. Chagas disease has been reported in the Brazilian Amazon region over approximately 20 years. Cardiac abnormalities are recorded in at least 50% of patients and among these, 3.3% develop AF. We describe a case of a 41-year-old man from Muaná, Pará State, who reported a 30-day history of a febrile illness. Acute Chagas disease was confirmed, and an electrocardiogram revealed AF. He was treated with antiparasitic and anti-arrhythmic drugs, beta blockers, and anticoagulants. Reversion to sinus rhythm was observed at his 9-month follow-up

Triatomine home invasions in active foci of Chagas disease in Abaetetuba, Pará, Brazil.

Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia e Vigilância Sanitária. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Background: Chagas disease is a parasitic infection with high re-emergence rates in some Amazon regions. The main vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi are haematophagous insects, the triatomines. Only a few reports are available about the occurrence of these wild vectors and their contact with the inhabitants of the riverside regions of the Amazon. This study describes the unusual behaviour of the triatomines that have invaded the homes of the residents of Abaetetuba, the city that has the second highest number of cases of Chagas disease. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were conducted using sero-epidemiological surveys of the inhabitants of Abaetetuba with registered triatomine home invasions. The frequencies of the variables of interest were analysed using Epi Info version 7.2. Results: In 2014 and 2017, 145 persons registered home invasions of triatomines in their domiciles and 16.55% reported having been bitten by insects. The environmental features described indicated potential conditions for the persistence of the parasite's life cycle. Of the enrolled inhabitants, 0.47% were positive for immunoglobulin G anti-T. cruzi antibodies. Conclusions: Home invasions of triatomines were confirmed in two periods, with a description of unusual behaviour for the genus Rhodnius. The use of serological surveillance in human populations at risk of this occurrence may constitute a new tool for the early detection of silent infections

Clinical profile and mortality in patients with T. Cruzi/HIV co-infection from the multicenter data base of the "network for healthcare and study of trypanosoma cruzi/HIV co-infection and other immunosuppression conditions"

Chagas disease (CD) globalization facilitated the co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in endemic and non-endemic areas. Considering the underestimation of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi)-HIV co-infection and the risk of life-threatening Chagas Disease Reactivation (CDR), this study aimed to analyze the major co-infection clinical characteristics and its mortality rates. This is a cross-sectional retrospective multicenter study of patients with CD confirmed by two serological or one parasitological tests, and HIV infection confirmed by immunoblot. CDR was diagnosed by direct microscopy with detection of trypomastigote forms in the blood or other biological fluids and/or amastigote forms in inflammatory lesions. Out of 241 patients with co-infection, 86.7% were from Brazil, 47.5% had <200 CD4+ T cells/μL and median viral load was 17,000 copies/μL. Sixty CDR cases were observed. Death was more frequent in patients with reactivation and was mainly caused by CDR. Other causes of death unrelated to CDR were the manifestation of opportunistic infections in those with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The time between the co-infection diagnosis to death was shorter in patients with CDR. Lower CD4+ cells count at co-infection diagnosis was independently associated with reactivation. Similarly, lower CD4+ cells numbers at co-infection diagnosis and male sex were associated with higher lethality in CDR. Additionally, CD4+ cells were lower in meningoencephalitis than in myocarditis and milder forms. This study showed major features on T. cruzi-HIV co-infection and highlighted the prognostic role of CD4+ cells for reactivation and mortality. Since lethality was high in meningoencephalitis and all untreated patients died shortly after the diagnosis, early diagnosis, immediate antiparasitic treatment, patient follow-up and epidemiological surveillance are essentials in T. cruzi/HIV co-infection and CDR managements

Doença de Chagas - Protocolos clínicos de seguimento pós-tratamento em grupos especiais: experiência do IEC com binômio mãe-filho

Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil

Clinical profile and mortality in patients with T. cruzi/HIV co-infection from the multicenter data base of the "Network for healthcare and study of Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV co-infection and other immunosuppression conditions".

ObjectiveChagas disease (CD) globalization facilitated the co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in endemic and non-endemic areas. Considering the underestimation of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi)-HIV co-infection and the risk of life-threatening Chagas Disease Reactivation (CDR), this study aimed to analyze the major co-infection clinical characteristics and its mortality rates.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional retrospective multicenter study of patients with CD confirmed by two serological or one parasitological tests, and HIV infection confirmed by immunoblot. CDR was diagnosed by direct microscopy with detection of trypomastigote forms in the blood or other biological fluids and/or amastigote forms in inflammatory lesions.ResultsOut of 241 patients with co-infection, 86.7% were from Brazil, 47.5% had ConclusionThis study showed major features on T. cruzi-HIV co-infection and highlighted the prognostic role of CD4+ cells for reactivation and mortality. Since lethality was high in meningoencephalitis and all untreated patients died shortly after the diagnosis, early diagnosis, immediate antiparasitic treatment, patient follow-up and epidemiological surveillance are essentials in T. cruzi/HIV co-infection and CDR managements