Tècniques de separació

El text forma part dels materials docents programats mitjançant l'ajut del Servei de Política Lingüística de la Universitat de València.Temes per l'estudi de les tècniques de separació més rellevants. Contenen un tema d'introducció (extracció líquid-líquid, extracció en fase sòlida, fases estacionàries, i altres tòpics), un tema de teoria de la cromatografia, i temes de cromatografia de gasos, de líquids (repartiment, HPLC) i iònica. Finalitza amb una col·lecció de problemes.The most important separation techniques in Analytical Chemistry are introduced. The introduction includes liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, stationary phases, and other topics. This is followed by theory of chromatography, gas chromatography and liquid (partition, HPLC) and ion chromatography (IC). The last part is a collection of problems

Effect of the geographical origin on the presence of skeletal deformities and swimbladder anomaly in a cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L) population. Estimation of genetic parameters

The gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) is one of the most important Sparid farmed in Europe. However, abnormalities such us lordosis, lack of operculum and failure to inflate the swimbladder constitute a major problem for aquaculture industry by decreasing the final value of the fish. The use of stocks from different genetic origin to produce commercial fish usually cause great variability in the global quality of the end product. However, strategies that involve the development of selection schemes in sea bream for these traits of economic interest are scarce. In light of these circumstances, the effect of the geographical origin on the presence of anomalies as a measure of fish quality was analyzed. For this purpose a population of farmed gilthead sea bream obtained from broodstock from three differentiated geographical origin and reared under common conditions was analyzed from X‐ray photograph for the mayor anomalies present in this species. A posteriori reconstruction of pedigree was carried out in order to determine genetic parameters for fish anomalies. An effect of the geographical origin on the presence of skeletal malformation and on the lack of functional swimbladder was found, being lordosis and lack of operculum the most common skeletal deformities. Heritabilities were medium for lack of operculum and lack of functional swimbladder and high for lordosis. A medium genetic correlation and a positive phenotypic correlation were observed between the lack of functional swimbladder and lordosis. All these findings could be relevant for the establishment of successful breeding programs in aquaculture of this species.This study was supported by the PROGENSA® project. Spanish Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine, JACUMAR

Influencia del procesado industrial sobre las características químico-físicas y contenido en lípidos y antioxidantes del salvado de arroz

Se investigaron las características químico-físicas de los salvados de arroz en distintos momentos de su procesado industrial, incluyendo materia prima (salvados de arroz blanco y vaporizado), salvado peletizado y salvado desgrasado. Se determinó la humedad, la acidez y el índice de peróxidos. Utilizando extractos en éter de petróleo y cromatografía de gases, se estableció el contenido lipídico total y los perfiles de los ácidos grasos. Mediante HPLC se determinaron los tocoferoles y el γ-orizanol. El salvado de arroz vaporizado mostró la mayor concentración de lípidos y la menor acidez, lo que indica que el vaporizado es el proceso más eficaz para estabilizar el salvado. Los ácidos oleico, linoleico y palmítico fueron los mayoritarios en todas las muestras. El peletizado no produjo pérdidas de lípidos, ni de tocoferoles y γ-orizanol. Todas las muestras de salvado mostraron contenidos altos de α-tocoferol, intermedios de γ-tocoferol y pequeños de δ-tocoferol. Se detectaron nueve componentes del γ-orizanol, con una mayor proporción del componente eluido en cuarta posición, probablemente, ferulato de 24- metilén cicloartenilo. El salvado peletizado presentó el mayor contenido de tocoferoles, mientras que el de arroz vaporizado mostró el mayor contenido de γ-orizanol.A comparative study of the physico-chemical characteristics of rice bran during the successive steps of its industrial processing was carried out and included white and parboiled rice brans and pelletized and defatted rice brans. Moisture, acidity and peroxide index were determined. Using extracts in petroleum ether and gas chromatography, the total fat contents and the profiles of the fatty acids were established. The tocopherols and γ-oryzanol were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The bran of parboiled rice showed the largest fat content and the lowest acidity, indicating that parboiling is the most effective process for bran stabilization. Oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids predominated in all the samples. Pelletization did not produce a loss in lipids, tocopherols or γ-oryzanol. All the samples showed higher contents of α-tocopherol, intermediate contents of γ-tocopherol and much lower concentrations of δ-tocopherol. Nine components of γ- oryzanol were detected, with a major proportion of the component that eluted in the fourth position, probably ferulate of 24-methylene cycloartenol. Pelletized rice bran showed the highest tocopherol content, whereas parboiled rice bran yielded the largest γ-oryzanol [email protected]

La musicoterapia como asignatura en los estudios de grado en enfermería

Introduction: Music therapy is understood by the use of music or its elements for therapeutic purposes. Its use in nursing is scarce beyond the use of the NIC 4400 intervention. Objective:The research aims to know and analyze the degree of acceptance by nursing students regarding the possible inclusion of music therapy as a subject in the educational programs of the Nursing Degree studies.Method: A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study was carried out with a sample of n=346 participants. Conclusion: The results show that 93.93% of the students did include music therapy as an optional subject in Nursing Degree studies, making use of it in their professional future.  Introducción: La musicoterapia se entiende por el uso de la música o sus elementos con fines terapéuticos. Su empleo en la enfermería es escaso más allá del uso de la intervención NIC 4400. Objetivo: Conocer y analizar el grado de aceptación por parte de los estudiantes de enfermería ante la posible inclusión de la musicoterapia como asignatura en los programas educativos de los estudios de Grado en Enfermería. Método: Se ha realizado un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra n=346 participantes.Resultados: Los resultados muestran que el 93,93% de los alumnos sí incluirían la musicoterapia como una asignatura Optativa en los estudios de Grado en Enfermería, haciendo uso de ella en su futuro profesional

Physical chemical properties and kinetics of redox processes in water/soybean oil microemulsions

Water/oil microemulsions (w/o ME) constituted by water, soybean oil, SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and several short-chain alcohols were characterized from the viewpoint of its physical-chemical and electroanalytical properties. Different co-surfactants and surfactant:co-surfactant ratios were used, and the ME with the most favourable composition was used to study the kinetics of redox processes. For this purpose, cyclic voltammetry measurements using a Pt disk working ultramicroelectrode, an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a Pt auxiliary electrode, and ferrocene as a probe, were performed. It was verified that the thermodynamic stability of the MEs increases with the co-surfactant content. The molecular structure and water solubility of the co-surfactant affect the electrical conductivity and the hydrodynamic radio of the MEs. Owing to the low diffusion coefficients verified in the MEs, measurements in transient state using conventional sweeping rates could be performed. Ferrocene oxidation in the ME has been demonstrated to proceed in quasi-reversibility conditions. Thus, the possibility of carrying out studies of cyclic voltammetry in vegetable oils under the w/o ME form was demonstrated

Establishment of a sea bream (Sparus aurata) breeding program in the Region of Murcia

[SPA] La dorada es una especie que ocupa un papel importante dentro de la acuicultura española y cuya crianza se ha consolidado dentro del contexto europeo. A pesar de ello, su producción industrial presenta aun importantes inconvenientes como son la presencia de anomalías morfológicas desde edades muy tempranas o crecimientos no maximizados, entre otros. Para sobrellevar dichos inconvenientes las empresas llevan a cabo distintas actuaciones relacionadas con la alimentación, manejo de sus lotes, prevención de enfermedades e incluso la ubicación de sus instalaciones. Sin embargo, han sido muy escasas las estrategias que han implicado intervención genética sobre los núcleos de reproductores y por tanto, del estrato productivo, a través del desarrollo de programas de selección para caracteres de interés económicos para los piscicultores. Con este fin, el objetivo de la presente tesis es obtener alevines de dorada a partir de un lote de reproductores que se encuentran en el Instituto Español de Oceanografía, planta de Cultivos Marinos en la Azohía (Murcia), identificarlos individualmente con Passive Integrated Transponder, y criarlos bajo las mismas condiciones industriales de una empresa representativa de la Región (Servicios Atuneros del Mediterráneo). Esta población será analizada para caracteres de crecimiento y para otros caracteres escasamente tratados o desconocidos en dorada, como los de calidad de canal y de carne. [ENG] To overcome these drawbacks, companies carry out various actions related to food, handling their lots, preventing diseases and even the location of their facilities. However, the strategies that have involved genetic intervention on the breeding nuclei and, therefore, the productive stratum, have been very scarce and simple, through the development of selection programs for characters of economic interest for fish farmers.To this end, the objective of this thesis is to obtain seabream fingerlings from a batch of broodstock that are in the Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Marine Crops plant in the Azohía (Murcia), identify them individually with Passive Integrated Transponder, and raise them under the same industrial conditions of a company representative of the Region (Mediterranean Tuna Services). This population will be analyzed for growth characters and for other scarcely treated or unknown characters in gilthead bream, such as those of carcass and meat quality.A la Consejería de Agricultura, Agua y Medio Ambiente de la Región de Murcia (BORM 234, 7 octubre 2016) por su soporte económico. La realización de la presente tesis doctoral es continuación del proyecto “Desarrollo de un Programa Piloto de Mejora Genética en Dorada (Sparus aurata L.)” [9] http://www.progensa.eu, financiado por la Secretaria de la Junta Nacional Asesora de Cultivos Marinos (JACUMAR)

Conservation genomic analysis of domestic and wild pig populations from the Iberian Peninsula

Abstract Background Inbreeding is among the major concerns in management of local livestock populations. The effective population size of these populations tends to be small, which enhances the risk of fitness reduction and extinction. High-density SNP data make it possible to undertake novel approaches in conservation genetics of endangered breeds and wild populations.A total of 97 representative samples of domestic and wild pig populations from the Iberian Peninsula, subjected to different levels of threat with extinction, were genotyped with a 60 K SNP panel. Data analyses based on: (i) allele frequency differences; (ii) linkage disequilibrium and (iii) runs of homozygosity were integrated to study population relationships, inbreeding and demographic history. Results The domestic pigs analyzed belonged to local Spanish and Portuguese breeds: Iberian ─ including the variants Retinto Iberian, Negro Iberian and Manchado de Jabugo ─, Bisaro and Chato Murciano. The population structure and persistence of phase analysis suggested high genetic relations between Iberian variants, with recent crossbreeding of Manchado de Jabugo with other pig populations. Chato Murciano showed a high frequency of long runs of homozygosity indicating recent inbreeding and reflecting the recent bottleneck reported by historical records. The Chato Murciano and the Manchado de Jabugo breeds presented the lowest effective population sizes in accordance with their status of highly inbred breeds. The Iberian wild boar presented a high frequency of short runs of homozygosity indicating past small population size but no signs of recent inbreeding. The Iberian breed showed higher genetic similarities with Iberian wild boar than the other domestic breeds. Conclusions High-density SNP data provided a consistent overview of population structure, demographic history and inbreeding of minority breeds and wild pig populations from the Iberian Peninsula. Despite the very different background of the populations used, we found a good agreement between the different analyses. Our results are also in agreement with historical reports and provide insight in the events that shaped the current genetic variation of pig populations from the Iberian Peninsula. The results exposed will aid to design and implement strategies for the future management of endangered minority pig breeds and wild populations.This project was financially supported by European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant #ERC-2009-AdG: 249894 (Sel Sweep project).Peer Reviewe

Development of the first microsatellite multiplex PCR panel for meagre (Argyrosomus regius), a commercial aquaculture species

In this study, a microsatellite-based multiplex PCR panel for meagre (Argyrosomus regius) was developed as a useful and single tool in parental assignment and population studies. Twenty-one specific and interspecific microsatellites from different aquaculture species of meagre (Argyrosomus regius), Japanese meagre (A. japonicus), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and yellow meagre (Acoupa weakfish) were assessed for genetic variability, allelic range and genotype reliability. Finally, a SuperMultiplex for Argyrosomus regius (SMAr) was designed with only the best eight microsatellite markers. The panel assessment was performed using a batch of brood stock from one company and a sample of 616 offspring. It was possible to assign 95% of the offspring to a single pair of parents using the exclusion method. It is therefore considered an easy procedure, and a powerful and low-cost tool for parental assignment to support companies’ breeding programs and to exchange information between research groups.This research was funded by Fundación Séneca-Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia through the project “Mejora de la competitividad del sector de la corvina a través de la selección genética (GENECOR, 21002/PI/18)” in the call for grants for projects for the development of scientific and technical research by competitive groups, included in the Regional Program for the Promotion of Scientific and Technical Research (Action Plan 2018). A.V. was funded by a pre-doctora research fellowship (20716/FPI/18. Fundación Séneca. Cofinanciado por grupo Avramar S.L. Región de Murcia (Spain)). The Avramar S.L. group provided financial support and the use of its facilities for this study

γ-Oryzanol and tocopherol contents in residues of rice bran oil refining

AbstractRice bran oil (RBO) contains significant amounts of the natural antioxidants γ-oryzanol and tocopherols, which are lost to a large degree during oil refining. This results in a number of industrial residues with high contents of these phytochemicals. With the aim of supporting the development of profitable industrial procedures for γ-oryzanol and tocopherol recovery, the contents of these phytochemicals in all the residues produced during RBO refining were evaluated. The samples included residues from the degumming, soap precipitation, bleaching earth filtering, dewaxing and deodorisation distillation steps. The highest phytochemical concentrations were found in the precipitated soap for γ-oryzanol (14.2mgg−1, representing 95.3% of total γ-oryzanol in crude RBO), and in the deodorisation distillate for tocopherols (576mg100g−1, representing 6.7% of total tocopherols in crude RBO). Therefore, among the residues of RBO processing, the deodorisation distillate was the best source of tocopherols. As the soap is further processed for the recovery of fatty acids, samples taken from every step of this secondary process, including hydrosoluble fraction, hydrolysed soap, distillation residue and purified fatty acid fraction, were also analyzed. The distillation residue left after fatty acid recovery from soap was found to be the best source of γ-oryzanol (43.1mgg−1, representing 11.5% of total γ-oryzanol in crude RBO)

Genetic Analysis of the Fatty Acid Profile in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.).

The gilthead seabream is one of the most valuable species in the Mediterranean basin both for fisheries and aquaculture. Marine fish, such as gilthead seabream, are a source of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, highly appreciated for human food owing to their benefits on the cardiovascular and immune systems. The aim of the present study was to estimate heritability for fatty acid (FA) profile in fillet gilthead seabream to be considered as a strategy of a selective breeding program. Total of 399 fish, from a broodstock Mediterranean Sea, were analysed for growth, flesh composition and FA profile. Heritabilities for growth traits, and flesh composition (fat, protein, and moisture content) were medium. Heritability was moderate for 14:0, 16:0 and 18:1n9 and for sum of monounsaturated FA and n6/n3 ratio, and it was low for 20:1n11 and 22:6n3 and the ratio unsaturated/saturated FA. Breeding programs in gilthead seabream usually include growth as the first criterion in the selection process of the fish. However, other quality traits, such as fillet fat content and its fatty acids profile should be considered, since they are very important traits for the consumer, from a nutritional point of view and the benefits for the health.Versión del edito