Effects of Gravity and Non-Perpendicularity during Powder-Fed Directed Energy Deposition of Ni-Based Alloy 718 through Two Types of Coaxial Nozzle

The consequences of gravity and the nozzle inclination angle in the powder-fed Directed Energy Deposition (DED) process were examined in this study. We also sought to define guidelines and manufacturing strategies, depending on the DED system configuration and the nozzle type. To do so, two nozzle types were used: a continuous coaxial nozzle with a slit of 0.5 mm and a four-stream discrete coaxial nozzle. Although the main effects of the configurations and the nozzles are well-known, their effects on the clad characteristics and the deposition strategy are as yet unclear. In this paper, measurements of a single clad and the effects of different deposition strategies on cladding applications and inclined walls are presented, and the consequences for manufacturing processes are discussed. Based on a complete study of a single clad, working vertically, five different tilted deposition strategies were applied: three to a single clad and two to an inclined wall. The results for both the single clad and the inclined wall reflect a pattern of changes to height, width, area, and efficiency, at both small and large nozzle angles and deposition strategies. The inclined wall presents a maximum horizontal displacement that can be reached per layer, without geometrical distortions. The amount of material per layer has to be adapted to this limitation.This research was funded by the European Commission through the project "PARADDISE: a Productive, Affordable and Reliable solution for large scale manufacturing of metallic components by combining laser-based Additive and Subtractive processes with high Efficiency” (Grant Agreement 723440), an initiative of the Public–Private Partnership “Photonics and Factories of the Future”. This research was also funded by European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT), through the project "DEDALUS: Directed Energy Deposition machines with integrated process ALgorithms Under dedicated monitoring and control System” (ID 20094), and by the vice-counseling of technology, innovation and competitiveness of the Basque Government (Eusko Jaurlaritza), under the ELKARTEK Program, PROCODA project, grant number KK-2019/00004

“the felt need" of the progress: construction and representation of the urban space in Santa Fe: late nineteenth century

La producción social del espacio ha sido reconocida como punto central en la construcción de una visión crítica de los procesos de transformación social. En tal sentido, las representaciones hechas del espacio, como los mapas, son plausibles de un análisis que considere la intencionalidad de su producción. La mirada sobre la relación entre el orden social y la cartografía producida resulta una herramienta útil para abordar las representaciones de los sectores dominantes sobre el espacio para considerar la dimensión espacial de los procesos históricos. El presente trabajo indaga en las representaciones hechas sobre el espacio de la ciudad, para lo cual se analiza un plano de Santa Fe de 1884, publicado en la Guía Comercial de ese año.Social production of space has been recognized as central element in the construction of a critique of social processes. In this sense, space representations such as maps can be studied considering the intentions behind their production. The link between social order and the cartography it produces is a pertinent tool in the study social representations and the spatial dimension of historical processes. This paper analyses representations made on the area of the city, which will analyze a map of Santa Fe in 1884, published in the Business Guide of that year.Fil: Sedran, Paula María. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas. Unidades en Red Investigaciones Socio-historicas Regionales; ArgentinaFil: Alberdi, Ramiro. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentin

Analysis of the Machining Process of Inconel 718 Parts Manufactured by Laser Metal Deposition

Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing process that allows the manufacturing of near-net-shape products. This could mean significant savings in terms of materials and costs in the manufacturing of high-performance components for the aeronautical industry. In this work, an analysis of how the LMD processing of alloy 718 affects the final machining has been carried out. For this purpose, a comparative study has been done by means of the monitoring of the end milling process of a part manufactured by LMD and a rough-milled part from forged material. Differences between process outputs such as chip morphology and cutting forces were studied. Material characteristics such as microstructure, hardness and mechanical properties were also analyzed.This research was funded by European Commission grant number 723440 (PARADDISE project), which is an initiative of the Photonics and Factories of the Future Public Private Partnership, and by the Vice-Counselor of Technology, Innovation and Competitiveness of the Basque Government grant number KK-2018/00115 (ADDISEND project) and grant number KK-2019/00004 (PROCODA project)

Strategy Development for the Manufacturing of Multilayered Structures of Variable Thickness of Ni-Based Alloy 718 by Powder-Fed Directed Energy Deposition

In this study, a manufacturing strategy, and guidelines for inclined and multi-layered structures of variable thickness are presented, which are based on the results of an own-developed geometrical model that obtains both the coating thickness and dilution. This model is developed for the powder-fed directed energy deposition process (DED) and it only uses the DED single-track cladding characteristics (height, width, area, and dilution depth), the overlap percentage, and the laser head tilting-angle as inputs. As outputs, it calculates both the cladding geometry and the dilution area of the coating. This model for the Ni-based alloy 718 was improved, based on previous studies of the single clad working both vertically and at an inclined angle, adding the equations of the single clad characteristics with respect to the main process parameters. The strategy proposed in this paper for multilayered cladding consisted of both adding an extra clad at the edges of the layer and using a variable value of the overlap percentage between clads for geometric adaptations. With this strategy, the material deposition is more accurate than otherwise, and it shows stable growth. Manufacturing a multilayered wall of wider thicknesses at higher heights was utilized to validate the strategy.This research was funded by the European Commission through the project “PARADDISE: a Productive, Affordable and Reliable solution for large scale manufacturing of metallic components by combining laser-based Additive and Subtractive processes with high Efficiency” (Grant Agreement 723440), an initiative of the Public-Private Partnership “Photonics and Factories of the Future”. This research was also funded by European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT) through the project “DEDALUS: Directed Energy Deposition machines with integrated process Algorithms Under dedicated monitoring and control System” (ID 20094) and by the vice-counseling of technology, innovation and competitiveness of the Basque Government (Eusko Jaurlaritza) under the ELKARTEK Program, PROCODA and QUALYFAM projects, grant number KK-2019/00004 and KK-2020/00042, respectively

Geometrical model and strategy in single and multilayer structures deposited by powder-fed Directed Energy Deposition

This work presents a geometrical model of coatings fabricated by powder-fed Directed Energy Deposition (DED) and defines guidelines and manufacturing strategies for multilayered structures based on the geometrical model results. This model obtains as output both the overlapped clad geometry and the dilution area of the coating at different input parameters and defines the strategy of multi-layer structures. The results of this work validate the model that comes in handy: a) To understand the influence of each parameter and the single clad geometry when fabricating coatings and structures; b) To select the parameters depending on the requirements of the coating like effective thickness and dilution; c) To detect lack of fusion with the substrate due to an excessive overlap percentage; d) To select the deposition strategy and the tool path for additive manufacturing; e) To select the subsequent machining strategy based on the predicted geometry of the model.The authors acknowledge support from the European Commission through the project "PARADDISE: a Productive, Affordable and Reliable solution for large scale manufacturing of metallic components by combining laser-based Additive and Subtractive processes with high Efficiency” (Grant Agreement 723440), an initiative of the Public-Private Partnership “Photonics and Factories of the Future”. The authors also acknowledge support from the European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT) through the project "DEDALUS: Directed Energy Deposition machines with integrated process ALgorithms Under dedicated monitoring and control System” (ID 20094), an initiative of the EIT Manufacturing. Finally, the authors acknowledge the vice-counseling of technology, innovation and competitiveness of the Basque Country for support of the project “PROCODA: Procesos de alto valor basados en el conocimiento y los datos” (KK2019/00004) within Elkartek 2019 and the project “ADDISEND: cooperación cientifica en fabricación aditiva para un control robusto de la cadena de valor” (kk2018/00115)

Parcelas 4d, del derecho a los catastros

En Argentina, la unidad mínima de administración territorial es la “parcela”, que a su vez es la representación de los inmuebles dentro del sistema cartográfico catastral 2D. El objetivo de este trabajo es avanzar en la construcción conceptual parcelaria que mejore la representación del bien inmueble incorporando, además de lo altimétrico (3D), la dimensión temporal (4D). Para ello se analizaron las legislaciones de jerarquía nacional. Se distinguieron los elementos multitemporales que afectan a los derechos de propiedad, fundamentalmente regulados por el Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación, de aquellos que le dan dinamismo a la unidad catastral, principalmente la Ley Nacional 26.209. El resultado principal es que los aspectos multitemporales están presentes en el parcelario argentino, no solo por los hechos físicos (e. g. movimiento lateral de cauces) sino por disposiciones jurídicas. La discusión que se establece es acerca de la necesidad de implementar instituciones catastrales que incorporen conceptual y técnicamente los atributos multitemporales de las parcelas sobre las bases de un catastro tridimensional, avanzando así hacia el diseño de Catastros 4D más eficientes para la administración de situaciones territoriales.

Effects of the Nozzle Tip Clogging and the Scanning Direction on the Deposition Process During Laser Metal Deposition of Alloy 718 Using a Four-Stream Discrete Nozzle

Depending on the configuration of the LMD system, the nozzle tilting is necessary to be able to manufacture parts with complex geometry. In these cases, the use of discrete coaxial nozzles is recommended. With this type of nozzle, the powder can clog the internal tips of the nozzle streams due to an inappropriate shape, size distribution, humidity or temperature conditions of the powder particles during the deposition process. This undesired effect can be an opportunity depending on the combination of the activated powder tips for coating complex surfaces when the geometry of the substrate acts as a barrier for the powder stream. This work presents for first time the effect of the scanning direction and the stream clogging on the deposition process in terms of powder efficiency, Material Deposition Rate (MDR) and clad geometry and dimensions, when Alloy 718 is deposited by LMD using a four-stream discrete coaxial nozzle.The authors acknowledge the European Commission for support of Project "PARADDISE: a Productive, Affordable and Reliable solution for large scale manufacturing of metallic components by combining laser-based ADDItive and Subtractive processes with high Efficiency” (Grant Agreement 723440), which is an initiative of the Photonics and Factories of the Future Public Private Partnership. The authors also acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for support of the project "ADDICLEAN: hybrid technology of eco-efficient manufacturing of pieces of high added value" (RTC-2015-4194-5). Finally, the authors acknowledge the council of technology, innovation and competitiveness of the Basque Country for support of the project “ADDISEND: Scientific cooperation in additive manufacturing for a robust control of the value chain” (2018/00115) within Elkartek 2018

Characteristics of Fe-, Ni- and Co-based Powder Coatings Fabricated by Laser Metal Deposition without Preheating the base Material

The objective of this work was to select the best material from Fe-, Ni- and Co-based alloy powder for coating, by Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) the filets of a hardened 42CrMoS4 extrusion screw without preheating process. Even though most of the articles recommended preheating the base material as a condition for a crack free coating, the time wasted in the process decrease the productivity and distortions can be also generated in the part. In this work, a comparison of the main characteristics of the coatings done on preheated and non-preheated base material has been made. The relationships between the relevant LMD parameters (feed rate, laser power, and powder feeding rate) and the main geometrical characteristics of a single clad (height, width, dilution, deposition rate, efficiency, etc.) were examined. In addition, different characteristics of overlapped clads in a preheated, non-preheated and a hardened base material have been also analyzed. All the study was made in the Ibarmia ZVH 45/1600 Add+Process hybrid machine with a high power Yb-Fiber laser (3 kW) and discrete coaxial LMD head. Coatings with thickness from 1.2 to 0.76 were created without cracks and other defects except in the case of Ni-based coating. The microstructural features of these coatings were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were determined using microhardness measurements and a pin on disk tribometer.The authors acknowledge the European Commission for support of Project "PARADDISE: a Productive, Affordable and Reliable solution for large scale manufacturing of metallic components by combining laser-based ADDItive and Subtractive processes with high Efficiency” (Grant Agreement 723440),which is an initiative of the Photonics and Factories of the Future Public Private Partnership

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Hardness of Ni-Based Alloy 718 in a Variable Thickness Geometry Deposited by Powder Fed Directed Energy Deposition

Feature addition to existing parts is a trending application for Directed Energy Deposition (DED) and can be used to add complex geometry features to basic forged geometries with the aim to reduce and simplify the number of processing steps as machining and assembling. However, the mechanical properties of as-deposited Inconel 718 fabricated by Powder-fed Directed Energy Deposition (Powder-fed DED) are far lower than the relevant specifications, making it necessary to apply different heat treatment with the purpose of improving deposited material performance. In addition, the effects of heat treatments in both variable thickness deposited geometry and forge substrate have not been studied. In this study, the effect of heat treatment within the Aerospace Materials Specifications (AMS) for cast and wrought Inconel 718 on the microstructure and hardness of both the Ni-Based Alloy 718 deposited geometry and substrate are analyzed in different parts of the geometry. The microstructure of all samples (as-deposited and heat-treated) is analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), confirming the formation of aluminum oxides and titanium nitrides and carbonitrides in the deposited structure.This research was funded by the vice-counsel of technology, innovation and competitiveness of the Basque Government (Eusko Jaurlaritza) under the ELKARTEK Program, QUALYFAM and EDISON projects, grant number KK-2020/00042 and KK-2022/00070, respectively

Parcelas 4d, del derecho a los catastros

En Argentina, la unidad mínima de administración territorial es la “parcela”, que a su vez es la representación de los inmuebles dentro del sistema cartográfico catastral 2D. El objetivo de este trabajo es avanzar en la construcción conceptual parcelaria que mejore la representación del bien inmueble incorporando, además de lo altimétrico (3D), la dimensión temporal (4D). Para ello se analizaron las legislaciones de jerarquía nacional. Se distinguieron los elementos multitemporales que afectan a los derechos de propiedad, fundamentalmente regulados por el Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación, de aquellos que le dan dinamismo a la unidad catastral, principalmente la Ley Nacional 26.209. El resultado principal es que los aspectos multitemporales están presentes en el parcelario argentino, no solo por los hechos físicos (e. g. movimiento lateral de cauces) sino por disposiciones jurídicas. La discusión que se establece es acerca de la necesidad de implementar instituciones catastrales que incorporen conceptual y técnicamente los atributos multitemporales de las parcelas sobre las bases de un catastro tridimensional, avanzando así hacia el diseño de Catastros 4D más eficientes para la administración de situaciones territoriales.