Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas

This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.  Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities.   Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.  The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.  The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.     Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou. A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica. Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas. A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica. A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.    Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz.&nbsp

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was &lt;1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Valor pronóstico de la fracción de volumen de colágeno en la cardiomiopatía hipertrófica

FUNDAMENTO: Na cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH), a fibrose miocárdica intersticial é uma importante alteração histológica que tem sido associada com morte súbita e evolução para dilatação. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, prospectivamente, o valor prognóstico da fração de colágeno na CMH. MÉTODOS:Biópsia endomiocárdica do ventrículo direito foi realizada com sucesso em 21 pacientes sintomáticos com CMH. A fração de volume de colágeno (FVC) miocárdico foi determinada por histologia. A FVC também foi determinada em fragmentos de nove corações normais de indivíduos falecidos por causas não-cardíacas. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos supra e infra-medianos em relação à FVC, sendo comparadas as características clínico-ecocardiográficas e as curvas de sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Entre os pacientes, a FVC variou de 1,86% a 29,9%, mediana 6,19%; nos corações normais, de 0,13% a 1,46%, mediana 0,36% (p<0,0001 entre CMH e controle). Não foram observadas correlações significativas entre FVC e medidas ecocardiográficas basais. Pacientes com FVC<6,19% e FVC>6,19% foram comparados e não foram observadas diferenças basais. Entretanto, após um período de seguimento médio de 110 meses, quatro mortes ocorreram (duas súbitas, duas por insuficiência cardíaca) no grupo com FVC maior, enquanto os pacientes do grupo com FVC menor estavam vivos ao final do período (p=0,02). CONCLUSÃO:Pela primeira vez, a fibrose miocárdica foi prospectivamente associada a um pior prognóstico em pacientes com CMH. Esforços devem ser direcionados para quantificação da fibrose miocárdica na CMH, assumindo que a associação com o prognóstico pode auxiliar na estratificação de risco para implante de desfibrilador e na prescrição de fármacos potencialmente reparadores miocárdicos.BACKGROUND: In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), interstitial myocardial fibrosis is an important histological modification that has been associated with sudden death and evolution toward myocardial dilation. OBJECTIVE:To prospectively evaluate the prognostic value of the collagen volume fraction in HCM. METHODS: An endomyocardial biopsy of the right ventricle was successfully performed in 21 symptomatic patients with HCM. The myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF) was determined by histology. The CVF was also determined in fragments of nine normal hearts from subjects deceased from non-cardiac causes. The patients were divided into above-median CVF and below-median CVF groups, and their clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and survival curves were compared. RESULTS: Among the patients, the CVF ranged from 1.86% to 29.9%, median 6.19%; in normal hearts, from 0.13% to 1.46%, median 0.61% (p <0.0001 between HCM and control). There were no significant correlations between CVF and baseline echocardiographic measures. Patients with CVF < 6.19% and CVF> 6.19% were compared and no baseline differences were observed. However, after an average follow-up period of 110 months, four deaths occurred (two sudden, two due to heart failure) in the group with increased CVF, whereas the patients of the group with lower CVF were all alive at the end of the period (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION:For the first time, myocardial fibrosis was prospectively associated with a worse prognosis in patients with HCM. Efforts should be directed to the quantification of myocardial fibrosis in HCM, on the premise that its association with the prognosis can aid in the stratification of risk for defibrillator implantation, and in the prescription of drugs that potentially promote myocardial repair.FUNDAMENTO: En la cardiomiopatía hipertrófica (CMH), la fibrosis miocárdica intersticial es una importante alteración histológica, que ha sido asociada con muerte súbita y evolución hacia dilatación. OBJETIVO:Evaluar, prospectivamente, el valor pronóstico de la fracción de colágeno en la CMH. MÉTODOS:Se realizó, con éxito, biopsia endomiocárdica del ventrículo derecho en 21 pacientes sintomáticos con CMH. La fracción de volumen de colágeno (FVC) miocárdico se determinó por medio de histología. Se determinó la FVC también en fragmentos de nueve corazones normales de individuos fallecidos por causas no cardiacas. Respecto a la FVC, se dividieron a los pacientes en grupos supra e inframedianos (FVC elevada y FVC baja, respectivamente), y se compararon las características clínicas y ecocardiográficas y las curvas de sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Entre los pacientes, la FVC tuvo variación del 1,86% al 29,9%, con mediana en el 6,19%. Ya en los corazones normales, del 0,13% al 1,46%, mediana en el 0,36% (p<0,0001 entre CMH y control). No se verificaron correlaciones significativas entre FVC y medidas ecocardiográficas basales. Se compararon a pacientes con FVC<6,19% y FVC>6,19%, sin que se observara diferencias basales. Sin embargo, tras un período de seguimiento promedio de 110 meses, cuatro muertes ocurrieron (dos súbitas, y otras dos por insuficiencia cardiaca) en el grupo con FVC mayor, mientras que los pacientes del grupo con FVC menor estaban vivos al final del período (p=0,02). CONCLUSIÓN: Por primera vez, se asoció prospectivamente la fibrosis miocárdica a un peor diagnóstico en pacientes con CMH. Se deben encaminar esfuerzos hacia la cuantificación de la fibrosis en la CMH, al aceptar que la asociación con el pronóstico puede auxiliar tanto en la estratificación de riesgo para implante de desfibrilador, como en la prescripción de fármacos potencialmente reparadores miocárdicos