Interference competition and genetic diversity at the intraspecific scale in the lactic acid bacterium Carnobacterium maltaromaticum

Compétition et diversité sont des phénomènes majeurs en microbiologie. Dans le secteur de l’agroalimentaire, la compétition est à la base de la biopréservation, un procédé dont l’objectif est d’inhiber des microorganismes indésirables par l’utilisation de microorganismes compétiteurs. La diversité microbienne est quant à elle à l’origine de la diversité de produits fermentés et en particulier de la typicité des fromages. Pourtant, l’écologie de la compétition microbienne dans les aliments et le lien avec la diversité microbienne sont très mal connus. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse était d’une part d’étudier la diversité et d’autre part la compétition chez une bactérie représentative de l’écosystème fromager. Le modèle d’étude choisi est la bactérie lactique Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. Une analyse de diversité de 21 souches de C. maltaromaticum a été réalisée par MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) et a permis de compléter la structure connue de la population de C. maltaromaticum. Cette étude a permis de révéler la présence de 56 génotypes au sein d’une collection de 71 souches, montrant une grande diversité génétique au sein de cette espèce. La compétition par interférence a été étudiée par réalisation de tests de compétition à haut débit. Chaque test de compétition mettait en jeu deux souches de la collection, une souche en situation d’expédition et une souche en situation de réception. Au total 5776 tests ont été réalisés à partir de la collection de 76 souches. Les résultats ont révélé que 60% des souches inhibaient au moins une autre souche de la collection indiquant que la compétition intraspécifique est majeure au sein de l’espèce C. maltaromaticum. Par ailleurs, une grande variabilité de largeur de spectre d’inhibition et de spectre de sensibilité a été observée. Une approche d’analyse de réseau a révélé une architecture « nested » du réseau compétitif suggérant que l’inhibition dépend non seulement des caractéristiques antagonistes des souches inhibitrices mais également du niveau de sensibilité des souches réceptrices. Une analyse génomique de 26 souches de la collection a été réalisée en vue de prédire leur contenu en gènes codant la synthèse de substances antagonistes et a permis d’identifier des gènes codant potentiellement des bactériocines. En conclusion, ces travaux de thèse ont montré que l’espèce Carnobacterium maltaromaticum est d’une part caractérisée par une grande diversité génétique et que d’autre part la compétition par interférence est fréquente au sein de la populationCompetition and diversity are major phenomena in microbiology. In the agri-food sector, competition is the very basis of biopreservation, a process which objective is to inhibit undesirable microorganisms through the use of microbial competitors. Microbial diversity lies at the origin of the diversity of fermented products and particularly of the typicality of cheeses. However, the ecology of microbial competition in food and the link with microbial diversity are poorly understood. The goal of this thesis was to study the diversity and the competition of a representative model bacterium of the cheese ecosystem. The study model chosen is the lactic acid bacterium Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. An analysis of the diversity of 21 strains of C. maltaromaticum was performed by MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and allowed to complete the scheme of C. maltaromaticum population structure. This study revealed the presence of 56 genotypes among a collection of 71 strains, showing a high genetic diversity within this species. Interference competition was studied by performing high-throughput competition assays. Each competition assay involved two strains, one in the position of the sender strain and the other in the position of the receiver. In total, 5776 tests were performed on a collection of 76 strains. The results revealed that 60% of strains inhibited at least one other strain of the collection, indicating that intraspecific competition is major in C. maltaromaticum. Moreover, a large variability in the width of inhibition and sensitivity spectra has been observed. A network analysis approach revealed a nested architecture of the competitive network, suggesting that inhibition depends not only on the antagonistic characteristics of the inhibitory strains but also on the level of sensitivity of the receiver strains. A genomic analysis of 26 strains from the collection was performed in order to predict their gene content encoding the synthesis of antagonistic substances, and it allowed the identification of genes potentially encoding bacteriocins. In conclusion, this thesis has shown that the species Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is characterized by a high genetic diversity and that interference competition is frequent in the populatio

Compétition par interférence et diversité génétique à l’échelle intraspécifique chez la bactérie lactique Carnobacterium maltaromaticum

Competition and diversity are major phenomena in microbiology. In the agri-food sector, competition is the very basis of biopreservation, a process which objective is to inhibit undesirable microorganisms through the use of microbial competitors. Microbial diversity lies at the origin of the diversity of fermented products and particularly of the typicality of cheeses. However, the ecology of microbial competition in food and the link with microbial diversity are poorly understood. The goal of this thesis was to study the diversity and the competition of a representative model bacterium of the cheese ecosystem. The study model chosen is the lactic acid bacterium Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. An analysis of the diversity of 21 strains of C. maltaromaticum was performed by MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and allowed to complete the scheme of C. maltaromaticum population structure. This study revealed the presence of 56 genotypes among a collection of 71 strains, showing a high genetic diversity within this species. Interference competition was studied by performing high-throughput competition assays. Each competition assay involved two strains, one in the position of the sender strain and the other in the position of the receiver. In total, 5776 tests were performed on a collection of 76 strains. The results revealed that 60% of strains inhibited at least one other strain of the collection, indicating that intraspecific competition is major in C. maltaromaticum. Moreover, a large variability in the width of inhibition and sensitivity spectra has been observed. A network analysis approach revealed a nested architecture of the competitive network, suggesting that inhibition depends not only on the antagonistic characteristics of the inhibitory strains but also on the level of sensitivity of the receiver strains. A genomic analysis of 26 strains from the collection was performed in order to predict their gene content encoding the synthesis of antagonistic substances, and it allowed the identification of genes potentially encoding bacteriocins. In conclusion, this thesis has shown that the species Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is characterized by a high genetic diversity and that interference competition is frequent in the populationCompétition et diversité sont des phénomènes majeurs en microbiologie. Dans le secteur de l’agroalimentaire, la compétition est à la base de la biopréservation, un procédé dont l’objectif est d’inhiber des microorganismes indésirables par l’utilisation de microorganismes compétiteurs. La diversité microbienne est quant à elle à l’origine de la diversité de produits fermentés et en particulier de la typicité des fromages. Pourtant, l’écologie de la compétition microbienne dans les aliments et le lien avec la diversité microbienne sont très mal connus. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse était d’une part d’étudier la diversité et d’autre part la compétition chez une bactérie représentative de l’écosystème fromager. Le modèle d’étude choisi est la bactérie lactique Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. Une analyse de diversité de 21 souches de C. maltaromaticum a été réalisée par MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) et a permis de compléter la structure connue de la population de C. maltaromaticum. Cette étude a permis de révéler la présence de 56 génotypes au sein d’une collection de 71 souches, montrant une grande diversité génétique au sein de cette espèce. La compétition par interférence a été étudiée par réalisation de tests de compétition à haut débit. Chaque test de compétition mettait en jeu deux souches de la collection, une souche en situation d’expédition et une souche en situation de réception. Au total 5776 tests ont été réalisés à partir de la collection de 76 souches. Les résultats ont révélé que 60% des souches inhibaient au moins une autre souche de la collection indiquant que la compétition intraspécifique est majeure au sein de l’espèce C. maltaromaticum. Par ailleurs, une grande variabilité de largeur de spectre d’inhibition et de spectre de sensibilité a été observée. Une approche d’analyse de réseau a révélé une architecture « nested » du réseau compétitif suggérant que l’inhibition dépend non seulement des caractéristiques antagonistes des souches inhibitrices mais également du niveau de sensibilité des souches réceptrices. Une analyse génomique de 26 souches de la collection a été réalisée en vue de prédire leur contenu en gènes codant la synthèse de substances antagonistes et a permis d’identifier des gènes codant potentiellement des bactériocines. En conclusion, ces travaux de thèse ont montré que l’espèce Carnobacterium maltaromaticum est d’une part caractérisée par une grande diversité génétique et que d’autre part la compétition par interférence est fréquente au sein de la populatio

High-Throughput Identification of Candidate Strains for Biopreservation by Using Bioluminescent Listeria monocytogenes

This article describes a method for high-throughput competition assays using a bioluminescent strain of L. monocytogenes. This method is based on the use of the luminescent indicator strain L. monocytogenes EGDelux. The luminescence of this strain is correlated to growth, which make it suitable to monitor the growth of L. monocytogenes in mixed cultures. To this aim, luminescence kinetics were converted into a single numerical value, called the Luminescence Disturbance Indicator (LDI), which takes into account growth inhibition phenomena resulting in latency increase, decrease in the luminescence rate, or reduction of the maximum luminescence. The LDI allows to automatically and simultaneously handle multiple competition assays which are required for high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches. The method was applied to screen a collection of 1810 strains isolated from raw cow’s milk in order to identify non-acidifying strains with anti-L. monocytogenes bioprotection properties. This method was also successfully used to identify anti-L. monocytogenes candidates within a collection of Lactococcus piscium, a species where antagonism was previously described as non-diffusible and requiring cell-to-cell contact. In conclusion, bioluminescent L. monocytogenes can be used in HTS to identify strains with anti-L. monocytogenes bioprotection properties, irrespectively of the inhibition mechanism

Nested structure of intraspecific competition network in Carnobacterium maltaromaticum

International audienceWhile competition targeting food-borne pathogens is being widely documented, few studies have focused on competition among non-pathogenic food bacteria. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is a genetically diverse lactic acid bacterium known for comprising several bacteriocinogenic strains with bioprotective potentialities against the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The aim of our study is to examine the network properties of competition among a collection of 73 strains of C. maltaromaticum and to characterize their individual interaction potential. The performed high-throughput competition assays, investigating 5 329 pairwise interactions, showed that intraspecific competition was major in C. maltaromaticum with approximately 56% of the sender strains antagonizing at least one receiver strain. A high diversity of inhibitory and sensitivity spectra was identified along with a majority of narrow inhibitory as well as sensitivity spectra. Through network analysis approach, we determined the highly nested architecture of C. maltaromaticum competition network, thus showing that competition in this species is determined by both the spectrum width of the inhibitory activity of sender strains and the spectrum width of the sensitivity of receiver strains. This study provides knowledge of the competition network in C. maltaromaticum that could be used in rational assembly of compatible microbial strains for the design of mixed starter cultures

Identification of Potential Citrate Metabolism Pathways in Carnobacterium maltaromaticum

In the present study, we describe the identification of potential citrate metabolism pathways for the lactic acid bacterium (LAB) Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. A phenotypic assay indicated that four of six C. maltaromaticum strains showed weak (Cm 6-1 and ATCC 35586) or even delayed (Cm 3-1 and Cm 5-1) citrate utilization activity. The remaining two strains, Cm 4-1 and Cm 1-2 gave negative results. Additional analysis showed no or very limited utilization of citrate in media containing 1% glucose and 22 or 30 mM citrate and inoculated with Cm 6-1 or ATCC 35586. Two potential pathways of citrate metabolism were identified by bioinformatics analyses in C. maltaromaticum including either oxaloacetate (pathway 1) or tricarboxylic compounds such as isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate (pathway 2) as intermediates. Genes encoding pathway 1 were present in two out of six strains while pathway 2 included genes present in all six strains. The two potential citrate metabolism pathways in C. maltaromaticum may potentially affect the sensory profiles of milk and soft cheeses subjected to growth with this species

Mining Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in <i>Carnobacterium maltaromaticum</i> by Interference Competition Network and Genome Analysis

Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is a non-starter lactic acid bacterium (LAB) of interest in the dairy industry for biopreservation. This study investigated the interference competition network and the specialized metabolites biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) content in this LAB in order to explore the relationship between the antimicrobial properties and the genome content. Network analysis revealed that the potency of inhibition tended to increase when the inhibition spectrum broadened, but also that several strains exhibited a high potency and narrow spectrum of inhibition. The C. maltaromaticum strains with potent anti-L. monocytogenes were characterized by high potency and a wide intraspecific spectrum. Genome mining of 29 strains revealed the presence of 12 bacteriocin BGCs: four of class I and eight of class II, among which seven belong to class IIa and one to class IIc. Overall, eight bacteriocins and one nonribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase (NRPS-PKS) BGCs were newly described. The comparison of the antimicrobial properties resulting from the analysis of the network and the BGC genome content allowed us to delineate candidate BGCs responsible for anti-L. monocytogenes and anti-C. maltaromaticum activity. However, it also highlighted that genome analysis is not suitable in the current state of the databases for the prediction of genes involved in the antimicrobial activity of strains with a narrow anti-C. maltaromaticum activity

Peptidoglycan-Sensing Receptors Trigger the Formation of Functional Amyloids of the Adaptor Protein Imd to Initiate Drosophila NF-kappaB Signaling

In the Drosophila immune response, bacterial derived diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan binds the receptors PGRP-LC and PGRP-LE, which through interaction with the adaptor protein Imd leads to activation of the NF-kappaB homolog Relish and robust antimicrobial peptide gene expression. PGRP-LC, PGRP-LE, and Imd each contain a motif with some resemblance to the RIP Homotypic Interaction Motif (RHIM), a domain found in mammalian RIPK proteins forming functional amyloids during necroptosis. Here we found that despite sequence divergence, these Drosophila cryptic RHIMs formed amyloid fibrils in vitro and in cells. Amyloid formation was required for signaling downstream of Imd, and in contrast to the mammalian RHIMs, was not associated with cell death. Furthermore, amyloid formation constituted a regulatable step and could be inhibited by Pirk, an endogenous feedback regulator of this pathway. Thus, diverse sequence motifs are capable of forming amyloidal signaling platforms, and the formation of these platforms may present a regulatory point in multiple biological processes

Essential Structural and Functional Roles of the Cmr4 Subunit in RNA Cleavage by the Cmr CRISPR-Cas Complex

Summary: The Cmr complex is the multisubunit effector complex of the type III-B clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas immune system. The Cmr complex recognizes a target RNA through base pairing with the integral CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and cleaves the target at multiple regularly spaced locations within the complementary region. To understand the molecular basis of the function of this complex, we have assembled information from electron microscopic and X-ray crystallographic structural studies and mutagenesis of a complete Pyrococcus furiosus Cmr complex. Our findings reveal that four helically packed Cmr4 subunits, which make up the backbone of the Cmr complex, act as a platform to support crRNA binding and target RNA cleavage. Interestingly, we found a hook-like structural feature associated with Cmr4 that is likely the site of target RNA binding and cleavage. Our results also elucidate analogies in the mechanisms of crRNA and target molecule binding by the distinct Cmr type III-A and Cascade type I-E complexes. : Ramia et al. show that the helical core of the type III-B Cmr CRISPR-Cas effector complex, made up of multiple Cmr4 subunits, forms the platform for a corresponding number of cleavages of the target RNA. Comparison with the type I-E Cascade structure reveals strikingly similar mechanisms of crRNA and target binding