Segmentation of Medical Images with Adaptable Multifunctional Discretization Bayesian Neural Networks and Gaussian Operations

Bayesian statistics is incorporated into a neural network to create a Bayesian neural network (BNN) that adds posterior inference aims at preventing overfitting. BNNs are frequently used in medical image segmentation because they provide a stochastic viewpoint of segmentation approaches by producing a posterior probability with conventional limitations and allowing the depiction of uncertainty over following distributions. However, the actual efficacy of BNNs is constrained by the difficulty in selecting expressive discretization and accepting suitable following disseminations in a higher-order domain. Functional discretization BNN using Gaussian processes (GPs) that analyze medical image segmentation is proposed in this paper. Here, a discretization inference has been assumed in the functional domain by considering the former and dynamic consequent distributions to be GPs. An upsampling operator that utilizes a content-based feature extraction has been proposed. This is an adaptive method for extracting features after feature mapping is used in conjunction with the functional evidence lower bound and weights. This results in a loss-aware segmentation network that achieves an F1-score of 91.54%, accuracy of 90.24%, specificity of 88.54%, and precision of 80.24%

Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Analysis of Plant Nuclear Factor (NF-Y) Gene Family Transcription Factors in <i>Saccharum</i> spp.

Plant nuclear factor (NF-Y) is a transcriptional activating factor composed of three subfamilies: NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC. These transcriptional factors are reported to function as activators, suppressors, and regulators under different developmental and stress conditions in plants. However, there is a lack of systematic research on the NF-Y gene subfamily in sugarcane. In this study, 51 NF-Y genes (ShNF-Y), composed of 9 NF-YA, 18 NF-YB, and 24 NF-YC genes, were identified in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Chromosomal distribution analysis of ShNF-Ys in a Saccharum hybrid located the NF-Y genes on all 10 chromosomes. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of ShNF-Y proteins revealed conservation of core functional domains. Sixteen orthologous gene pairs were identified between sugarcane and sorghum. Phylogenetic analysis of NF-Y subunits of sugarcane, sorghum, and Arabidopsis showed that ShNF-YA subunits were equidistant while ShNF-YB and ShNF-YC subunits clustered distinctly, forming closely related and divergent groups. Expression profiling under drought treatment showed that NF-Y gene members were involved in drought tolerance in a Saccharum hybrid and its drought-tolerant wild relative, Erianthus arundinaceus. ShNF-YA5 and ShNF-YB2 genes had significantly higher expression in the root and leaf tissues of both plant species. Similarly, ShNF-YC9 had elevated expression in the leaf and root of E. arundinaceus and in the leaf of a Saccharum hybrid. These results provide valuable genetic resources for further sugarcane crop improvement programs

Recurrence of tuberculosis among newly diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, India: A multi-centric prospective study

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>There is lack of information on the proportion of new smear—positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients treated with a 6-month thrice-weekly regimen under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) who develop recurrent TB after successful treatment outcome.</p><p>Objective</p><p>To estimate TB recurrence among newly diagnosed PTB patients who have successfully completed treatment and to document endogenous reactivation or re-infection. Risk factors for unfavourable outcomes to treatment and TB recurrence were determined.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>Adult (aged ≥ 18 yrs) new smear positive PTB patients initiated on treatment under RNTCP were enrolled from sites in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Delhi, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Kerala. Those declared “treatment success” at the end of treatment were followed up with 2 sputum examinations each at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment completion. MIRU-VNTR genotyping was done to identify endogenous re-activation or exogenous re-infection at TB recurrence. TB recurrence was expressed as rate per 100 person-years (with 95% confidence interval [95%CI]). Regression models were used to identify the risk factors for unfavourable response to treatment and TB recurrence.</p><p>Results</p><p>Of the1577 new smear positive PTB patients enrolled, 1565 were analysed. The overall cure rate was 77% (1207/1565) and treatment success was 77% (1210 /1565). The cure rate varied from 65% to 86%. There were 158 of 1210 patients who had TB recurrence after treatment success. The pooled TB recurrence estimate was 10.9% [95%CI: 0.2–21.6] and TB recurrence rate per 100 person–years was 12.7 [95% CI: 0.4–25]. TB recurrence per 100 person–years varied from 5.4 to 30.5. Endogenous reactivation was observed in 56 (93%) of 60 patients for whom genotyping was done. Male gender was associated with TB recurrence.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>A substantial proportion of new smear positive PTB patients successfully treated with 6 –month thrice-weekly regimen have TB recurrence under program settings.</p></div

Study sites for the recurrence of TB among the newly diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary TB patients treated under RNTCP in India.

<p>Study sites for the recurrence of TB among the newly diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary TB patients treated under RNTCP in India.</p

Status at 12 months after Treatment success in new smear positive pulmonary TB patients [N = 1210].

<p>Status at 12 months after Treatment success in new smear positive pulmonary TB patients [N = 1210].</p

Risk factors for unfavourable response at the end of treatment in new smear positive pulmonary TB patients [N = 1543].

<p>Risk factors for unfavourable response at the end of treatment in new smear positive pulmonary TB patients [N = 1543].</p

Treatment outcome of new smear positive pulmonary TB patients [N = 1565].

<p>Treatment outcome of new smear positive pulmonary TB patients [N = 1565].</p