Avaliação morfofuncional num modelo experimental de movimentos mastigatórios parafuncionais

Introdução: O conceito de etiologia central do bruxismo tem sido reforçado por vários estudos ao longo das últimas décadas. Foi sugerido que o consumo crónico de anfetamina produz bruxismo reforçando a hipótese da etiologia central. O efeito da acupunctura no bruxismo é ainda relativamente desconhecido. Objectivos: Avaliação da atrição dentária, dos movimentos mastigatórios não funcionais (MMNF), da concentração sérica da creatina cinase (CK) e cortisol, da evolução do peso corporal e dos efeitos da acupunctura num novo modelo experimental de MMNF com d-anfetamina. Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar machos com 9 semanas de idade, divididos em 4 grupos. O Grupo I (GI; de controlo) não sofreu qualquer manipulação experimental, o Grupo II (GII) foi submetido a um protocolo de indução de stresse e injecção de soro fisiológico, o Grupo III (GIII) submetido a stresse e injecção de anfetamina segundo um protocolo de doses crescentes durante 14 dias e o grupo IV (GIV) submetido ao mesmo protocolo de indução de stresse e de injecção de anfetamina e tratamento com acupunctura. Com o objectivo de avaliar a influência do stresse na atrição incisal realizaram-se marcas dentárias nos incisivos centrais inferiores dos ratos. Foram também realizadas três colheitas sanguíneas nos dias 1, 7 e 14 de modo a avaliar as variações das concentrações séricas da CK e do cortisol. O comportamento dos animais, incluindo os MMNF e o peso foram monitorizados ao longo do estudo. Resultados: A d-anfetamina potenciou o efeito do stresse no aumento do comportamento MNF, e consequentemente, da atrição: Grupo I (6,4±0.,2mm), Grupo II (6,8±0,3mm) e Grupo III (7,2±0,4mm). O protocolo de acupunctura levou a um aumento significativo de MMNF numa fase inicial do estudo e consequentemente da atrição no Grupo IV (7,84±0,62mm). Apesar de os animais do Grupo II não terem aumentado de peso, a anfetamina produziu uma diminuição do peso entre o dia 0 e o dia 14 no GrupoIII (-21,3±16,4g) e a acupunctura potenciou ainda mais esta perda de peso no Grupo IV (-49,37g±29,83g). Relativamente à concentração sérica da CK, observou-se que o stresse produziu um aumento dos teores séricos desta enzima relativamente ao Grupo I em função do tempo, atingindo o valor máximo ao 14º dia: Grupo I (1752,4 U/L), Grupo II (2573,2 U/L), Grupo III (3416,9 U/L) e Grupo IV (3315,9.U/L). Os presentes resultados demonstram ainda que a anfetamina potencia a acção do stresse no aumento da CK sérica nos dias 7 e 14 e a acupunctura parece não afectar estes valores. Os valores do cortisol para o Grupo II, Grupo III e Grupo IV são superiores ao Grupo I (p<0,0001) nos 3 tempos medidos. No entanto, não há diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os Grupos II, III e IV. Conclusões: Em ratos, o stresse aumenta os MMNF, a atrição e a CK, sendo a anfetamina potenciadora destes factores. Uma dose crescente de d-anfetamina potencia o bruxismo induzido por stresse mas não aumenta o cortisol circulante, ao contrário do stresse, sugerindo que a expressão de MMNF atenua a activação do eixo Hipotálamo-Hipófise-Suprarrenal. Ao contrário do que se esperava, este protocolo de acupunctura não diminuiu a atrição incisal, apresentando estes animais uma perda de peso significativa. Não trouxe alterações significativas relativamente à CK, assim como aos pesos do timo, baço e supra-renais. A acupunctura aumentou o nível de cortisol na análise intermédia, para o diminuir na terceira análise. Sugere-se que a manipulação por tratamento de acupunctura poderá, por si só, ser um agente stressante, poderá necessitar de tempo para actuar ou ainda que os animais, em função do tempo, se habituam a este factor, diminuindo a intensidade de resposta.Introduction: The concept of the central etiology in bruxism has been reinforced by several studies in the last decades. It has been suggested that the chronic abuse of amphetamine produces bruxism, reinforcing its central etiology. The effects of acupuncture in bruxism are still moderately unknown. Objetive: To evaluate the impact of chronic use of amphetamine on the non-functional masticactory movements (NFMM), stresse-induced behavior and dental attrition. Serum creatinine-kinase (CK) and cortisol levels were also assessed, as well as the weight evolution and the effects of acupuncture in a new experimental model of NFMM with d-amphetamine. Materials and methods: 40 Wistar male rats (9 weeks of age) were divided as follows: Group I (control; GI) did not suffer any experimental manipulation; Group II was submitted to a stress induction protocol for 14 days including a single daily saline i.p. injection; Group III was submitted simultaneously to stress and to escalating single daily doses of amphetamine using a procedure of increasing doses and Group IV submitted to the same stress induced and amphetamine injection protocol and acupuncture treatment. Dental marks close to the gingival margin in the lower incisors were drawn to evaluate the influence of the induction protocols in the dental attrition. Blood samples were collected in days 1, 7 and 14 to evaluate the serum CK and cortisol levels. The animals’ behaviour, including NFMM, was monitored throughout the study. The animals’ behaviour, including the NFMM and their weight were monitored during the study. Results: d-Amphetamine potentiated stress-induced increase in NFMM, stress-related behavior and consequently in dental attrition (Group I: 6,4±0,2mm, Group II: 6,8±0,3mm and Group III: 7,2±0,4mm. The acupuncture protocol led to a significant gain in NFMM, in an initial phase of the study and consequently in attrition in Group IV (7,84±0,62mm). While the Group II animals didn’t gain weight, amphetamine produced a decrease in body weight between day 0 and 14 in Ggoup III (-21,3±16,4) and acupuncture potentiated this loss in Group IV (-49,37g±29,83g). The CK serum levels increased time-dependently in both GII and GIII groups (Day 14-Group I: 1752,4 U/L; Group II: 2573,2 U/L and Group III: 3416,9 U/L). The present results demonstrate that amphetamine enhances the ation of stress as suggested by higher CK serum on 7 and 14 days when compared to Group II and acupuncture seems not to affect this values. The Group II and Group III cortisol levels were higher than the Group I cortisol levels (p<0,0001) in all assessed periods. There are no statistically significant differences between GroupII, Group III e Group IV. Conclusions: In rats stress promotes behavioral changes in NFMM and an increase in attrition, in the raise of CK, being the ATS the enhancer of these factors. A sensitizing dose of d-amphetamine regimen potentiates stress-induced bruxism but does not raise cortisol levels, unlike stress, suggesting that NFMM attenuate Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis under this stimulant. Unlike what was expected, the acupuncture protocol did not decrease attrition and led to a significant weight decrease. It did not change CK levels, as well as thyme, spleen and adrenal glands weight. Acupuncture raised cortisol levels on the intermediate analysis, decreasing on the third analysis. We think that acupuncture manipulation may be a stressful agent, it may need longer time to produce effect or that the animals may get used to this factor, decreasing the intensity of the answer

Significant properties in the preservation of relational databases

Relational Databases are the most frequent type of databases used by organizations worldwide and are the base of several information systems. As in all digital objects, and concerning the digital preservation of them, the signi cant properties (signi cant characteristics) must be de ned so that adopted strategies are appropriate. In previous work a neutral format (hardware and software independent) | DBML | was adopted to achieve a standard format used in the digital preservation of the relational databases data and structure. In this paper we walk further in the de nition of the signi cant properties by considering the database semantics as an important characteristic that should be also preserved. For the representation of this higher level of abstraction we are going to use an ontology based approach. We will extract the entityrelationship model from the DBML representation and we will represent it as an ontology

Relational databases digital preservation

Digital preservation is emerging as an area of work and research that tries to provide answers that will ensure a continued and long-term access to information stored digitally. IT Platforms are constantly changing and evolving and nothing can guarantee the continuity of access to digital artifacts in their absence. This paper focuses on a speci c family of digital objects: Relational Databases; they are the most frequent type of databases used by organizations worldwide. A neutral format that is hardware and software independent is the key to achieve a standard format to use in digital preservation of relational databases. XML for its neutrality was chosen for this representation of the database. The presented solution o ers a possibility to achieve relational databases preservation. The prototype follows the "Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System" (OAIS)

New dimension in relational database preservation : raising the abstraction level

The work addressed in this paper focuses on the preserva- tion of the conceptual model within a specific class of dig- ital objects: Relational Databases. Previously, a neutral format was adopted to pursue the goal of platform inde- pendence and to achieve a standard format in the digital preservation of relational databases, both data and struc- ture (logical model). Currently, in this project, we address the preservation of relational databases by focusing on the conceptual model of the database, considering the database semantics as an important preservation ”property”. For the representation of this higher layer of abstraction present in databases we use an ontology based approach. At this higher abstraction level exists inherent Knowledge associated to the database semantics that we tentatively represent using ”Web Ontology Language” (OWL). We developed a proto- type (supported by case study) and define a mapping algo- rithm for the conversion between the database and OWL. The ontology approach is adopted to formalize the knowl- edge associated to the conceptual model of the database and also a methodology to create an abstract representation of it

Using ontologies in database preservation

This paper addresses the problematic Digital Preservation and focuses on the conceptual model within a specific class of digital objects: Relational Databases. Previously, a neutral format was adopted to pursue the goal of platform independence and to achieve a standard format in the digital preservation of relational databases, both data and structure (logical model). Currently, in this project, we intend to address the preservation of relational databases by focusing on the conceptual model of the database, considering the database semantics as an impor- tant preservation ”property”. For the representation of this higher level of abstraction present in databases we use an ontology based approach. At this higher abstraction level exists inherent Knowledge associated to the database semantics that we tentatively represent using ”Web Ontol- ogy Language” (OWL). We developed a prototype (supported by case study) and define a mapping algorithm for the conversion between the database and OWL. The ontology approach is adopted to formalize the knowledge associated to the conceptual model of the database and also a methodology to create an abstract representation of it

Recomendações para o treino de força em idosos: uma breve revisão da literatura

O propósito deste estudo foi identificar as recomendações gerais para o treino de força na população idosa. A presente revisão de literatura foi efetuada a partir das bases de dados PubMed, Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal, assim como em livros e artigos científicos que indicassem as recomendações do treino de força em idosos quanto à sua frequência, intensidade e volume. Quanto às recomendações do treino de força, as organizações internacionais de saúde e a literatura científica são unânimes ao recomendarem a sua incorporação nos programas de exercício físico. Desta forma, o treino de força deverá ser realizado no mínimo 2 vezes por semana, a uma intensidade superior a 60% de 1RM, entre 1 a 4 séries de 8 a 15 repetições de 8 a 10 exercícios, durante 20 a 30 minutos, devendo ser solicitado os principais grupos musculares.The purpose of this study was to identify the general recommendations for strength training in the elderly population. The present literature review was carried out from the PubMed databases, Scientific Repository of Open Access of Portugal, as well as scientific books and articles that indicated the recommendations of strength training in the elderly regarding their frequency, intensity and volume. Regarding strength training recommendations, international health organizations and the scientific literature are unanimous in recommending their incorporation into physical exercise programs. Therefore, strength training should be performed at least twice a week, at an intensity of more than 60% of 1RM, between 1 and 4 sets of 8 to 15 repetitions of 8 to 10 exercises, for 20 to 30 minutes, soliciting the major muscle groups.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Etiology of eating disorders: biological, psychological and sociocultural determinants

Eating disorders have a multifactorial etiology, composed by genetic predisposition, sociocultural factors, and biological and psychological vulnerabilities. Among the predisposing factors, emphasis is given to a history of eating and/or mood disorders, personality traits, patterns of family interaction, alterations in brain monoamines and sociocultural overvalued drive for thinness. Dieting is the most frequently event present at the onset of an eating disorder. Nevertheless, dieting itself is not sufficient to precipitate an eating disorder. An interaction among risk factors and other precipitating events is necessary. Finally, the chronic or transitory course of an eating disorder is related to the persistence of distorted cognitions, to the occurrence of significant vital events, and to starvation-induced psychobiological alterations.Os transtornos alimentares possuem uma etiologia multifatorial, composta de predisposições genéticas, socioculturais e vulnerabilidades biológicas e psicológicas. Entre os fatores predisponentes, destacam-se a história de transtorno alimentar e (ou) transtorno do humor na família, os padrões de interação presentes no ambiente familiar, o contexto sociocultural, caracterizado pela extrema valorização do corpo magro, disfunções no metabolismo das monoaminas centrais e traços de personalidade. A dieta é o comportamento precursor que geralmente antecede a instalação de um transtorno alimentar. Contudo, a presença isolada da dieta não é suficiente para desencadear o transtorno alimentar, tornando-se necessária uma interação entre os fatores de risco e outros eventos precipitantes. Por último, o curso transitório ou crônico de um transtorno alimentar está relacionado à persistência de distorções cognitivas, à ocorrência de eventos vitais significativos e a alterações secundárias ao estado de desnutrição.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PsiquiatriaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das ClínicasUNIFESP, Depto. de PsiquiatriaUNIFESP, Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das ClínicasSciEL

Using ontologies to abstract relational databases conceptual model

This paper addresses the problematic Digital Preservation and focuses on the conceptual model within a specific class of digital objects: Relational Databases. Previously, a neutral format was adopted to pursue the goal of platform independence and to achieve a standard format in the digital preservation of relational databases, both data and structure (logical model). Currently, in this project, we intend to address the preservation of relational databases by focusing on the conceptual model of the database, considering the database semantics as an impor- tant preservation ”property”. For the representation of this higher level of abstraction present in databases we use an ontology based approach. At this higher abstraction level exists inherent Knowledge associated to the database semantics that we tentatively represent using ”Web Ontol- ogy Language” (OWL). We developed a prototype (supported by case study) and define a mapping algorithm for the conversion between the database and OWL. The ontology approach is adopted to formalize the knowledge associated to the conceptual model of the database and also a methodology to create an abstract representation of it

Relational databases conceptual preservation

Previously, a neutral format was adopted to pursue the goal of platform independence and to achieve a standard format in the digital preservation of relational databases, both data and structure (logical model). Currently, we intend to address the preservation of relational databases by focusing on the conceptual model of the database, considering the database semantics as an important preservation ”property”. For the representation of this higher level of abstraction present in databases we use an ontology based approach. At this higher abstraction level exists inherent Knowledge associated to the database semantics that we tentatively represent using ”Web Ontology Language” (OWL). We developed a prototype (supported by case study) and define a mapping algorithm for the conversion between the database and OWL

A pesquisa sobre envelhecimento em Portugal: uma análise a partir de teses de Mestrado defendidas nas faculdades de desporto portuguesas

La intención del estudio fue conocer la producción científica sobre el envejecimiento en la Facultad de Deporte de la Universidad de Oporto y en la Facultad de Motricidad Humana de la Universidad Técnica de Lisboa, entre los años 2000 y 2011. La investigación fue bibliográfica, seguida de un análisis de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. La búsqueda de la producción científica sobre el envejecimiento se efectuó buscando en las tesis doctorales, investigadas exclusivamente en el medio online. La investigación en repositorios se produjo mediante palabras clave. Con posterioridad a la reunión de los datos se realizaron algunas clasificaciones relativas a los autores y sus obras. Sobre la base de recopilación de datos, se analizaron ochenta y seis disertaciones, y se puede concluir que: el género de los autores es predominantemente femenino; el foco de estudio se centra en la investigación de los efectos de la actividad física en los ancianos y en la comprensión del proceso de envejecimiento y su relación con el movimiento humano; la mayoría de las muestras son de grandes dimensiones; el tipo más comúnmente utilizado es el instrumento de investigación; la mayoría de las tesis se llevaron a cabo en trabajo de campo; el análisis fue predominantemente realizado a través de la estadística descriptiva; la línea de investigación se centra en el paradigma cuantitativo; el tipo de estudio que prevalece es "ex post facto".The intention of this text was to study the scientific production on aging of the Faculty of Sport at the University of Oporto and the Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, between 2000 and 2011. The research was literature, followed by an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. The search of the scientific literature on aging was conducted looking dissertations, investigated exclusively in the online medium. Research repositories are produced using keywords. Following the data gathering some classifications relating to authors and their works were performed. Based on data collection, eighty six dissertations were analyzed, and it can be concluded that: gender of the authors is predominantly female; the focus of study focuses on investigating the effects of physical activity in the elderly and in understanding the aging process and its relation to human movement; most samples are large; the type most commonly used is the research instrument; Most of the presentations were carried out in the field; analysis was predominantly through descriptive statistics; the research focuses on the quantitative paradigm; the type of study "ex post facto" prevails.A intenção do estudo foi caraterizar a produção científica no âmbito do Envelhecimento na Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto e Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, entre os anos de 2000 e 2011. A pesquisa realizada foi do tipo bibliográfica, seguida duma análise quantitativo-qualitativa dos dados. A busca da produção científica em Envelhecimento foi estruturada em Dissertações, investigadas exclusivamente no meio on-line. A pesquisa nos repositórios ocorreu utilizando palavras-chave. Posteriormente ao encontro dos dados foram realizadas algumas classificações referentes aos autores e seus trabalhos. Com base na recolha dos dados, foram analisadas oitenta e seis dissertações, e do respetivo tratamento podemos concluir que: o género dos autores é predominantemente feminino; o focus de estudo está centrado na investigação dos efeitos da atividade física no idoso e na compreensão do processo de envelhecimento e a sua relação com o movimento humano; a maioria das amostras é de grande dimensão; a tipologia de instrumentos mais utilizados é o inquérito; a maioria das dissertações foi realizada no campo; a análise dos dados foi predominantemente através de estatística descritiva; a tendência de investigação está centrada no paradigma quantitativo; quanto ao tipo de estudo predomina o "Ex post facto".peerReviewe