The measured intelligence of immigrant children from the Indian subcontinent resident in Hertfordshire

There are many methodological problems associated with cross—\ud cultural studies and these have not always been given serious\ud consideration either by psychologists or anthropologists. One of\ud the methods has been that of comparing equivalent groups across\ud cultural borders. This has often resulted in interpretations of\ud the observed differences in genetic terms. Also, certain assump—\ud tions have often been made regarding the tools employed and the\ud samples compared. Their role in dictating a certain type of\ud interpretation has been ignored.\ud These and other related theoretical matters are discussed in\ud the first few chapters with reference to the studies of the intelli—\ud gence of American Indians, Negroes and Africans. The use of Western\ud tests of intelligence in studying the changes in ability that result\ud when children from the Commonwealth countries come into the United\ud Kingdom is justified.\ud The present study deals with the measured intelligence of immi—\ud grant children from the Indian Subcontinent. Two groups of such\ud children living and attending schools in Hertfordshire are tested for\ud their ability and the difference assessed for significance in terms\ud of the degree of exposure they had to the environment here. They are\ud compared with a group of school children in India and another group,\ud here, of English children.\ud Various hypotheses are postulated regarding the changes that\ud could be expected in the ability scores of the immigrant children and\ud results analysed in terms of these hypotheses. Some other aspects of\ud the schooling of immigrant children are also considered in terms of\ud the data provided by the study.\ud In the concluding chapter the main findings are summarised.\ud Suggestions are made for other studies that could be undertaken\ud with this and other immigrant groups. Consideration is also given\ud to what can be done in the context of English schools to educate\ud these immigrant children in an efficient manner

A Giant Lipoma In The Hand - Report Of A Rare Case

A 38 years old male patient presented with a large painless swelling in the right palm with ultrasound examination suggestive of fatty nature of the swelling MRI showing a well-circumscribed soft tissue swelling in the deep palmar space. The giant tumor of 6.5 X 4 cm was excised and the patient was symptom free two years following the surgery

Povećana isporuka etopozida u Daltonov limfom u miševa pomoću micela s polisorbatom 20

The study evaluates the possibility of enhancing uptake of etoposide (topoisomerase II inhibitor) by tumor when delivered through Polysorbate 20 micelles. The micelle formation was ascertained by determining the critical micellar concentration (CMC) with a du Nouy ring tensiometer and by size measurement using dynamic light scattering. Addition of 5% ethanol decreased the CMC of Polysorbate 20 (from 5.0 x 10-5 to 4.54 x 10-5 mol L-1). Etoposide (ET) and etoposide loaded Polysorbate 20 micelles (EPM) were radiolabeled with 99mTc by the reduction method using stannous chloride. Labeling parameters were optimized to obtain high labeling efficiency. The diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and cysteine challenge tests showed very low transchelation of 99mTc-ET and 99mTc-EPM complexes indicating their in vitro stability. The complexes also exhibited serum stability assessed by ascending thin layer chromatography. Subcutaneous injection of EPM resulted in significantly higher tumor uptake (~ 100 folds compared to ET 6 h post injection) (p < 0.001) and prolonged tumor retention. Tumor uptake was also confirmed by gamma imaging studies. EPM exhibited relatively high brain concentrations (~7 fold 24 h post injection) compared to ET, suggesting the potential use of EPM in the treatment of brain malignancies.U radu je proučavan ulazak etopozida (inhibitora topoizomeraze II) u tumorsko tkivo iz micela s polisorbatom 20. Oblikovanje micela je potvrđeno određivanjem kritične micelarne koncentracije (CMC) pomoću du Nouy kružnog tenziometra i mjerenjem veličine čestica metodom rasapa svjetlosti. Dodatak 5% etanola smanjuje CMC polisorbata 20 (od 5,0 x 10-5 do 4,54 x 10-5 mol L-1). Etoposid (ET) i micele etoposida s polisorbatom 20 (EPM) obilježene su radioizotopom 99mTc redukcijom pomoću kositrova klorida. Parameteri markiranja su optimirani. Testovi s dietilentriamin pentaoctenom kiselinom i cisteinom pokazali su vrlo nisko transkeliranje 99mTc-ET i 99mTc-EPM kompleksa, što ukazuje na njihovu stabilnost u uvjetima in vitro. Uzlaznom tankoslojnom kromatografijom dokazana je i stabilnost kompleksa u serumu. Nakon subkutane primjene EPM isporuka etopozida u tumorsko tkivo bila je značajno veća (~ 100 puta u odnosu na ET 6 h poslije injiciranja) (p < 0,001), a dokazano je i produljeno zadržavanje EPM u tumoru. Ulazak u tumor je potvrđen i gama analizom slike. EPM je postigao relativno visoku koncentraciju u mozgu u usporedbi s ET (~ 7 puta veću 24 h poslije injiciranja), zbog čega bi se potencijalno mogao upotrijebiti u terapiji malignih tumora mozga

Povećana isporuka etopozida u Daltonov limfom u miševa pomoću micela s polisorbatom 20

The study evaluates the possibility of enhancing uptake of etoposide (topoisomerase II inhibitor) by tumor when delivered through Polysorbate 20 micelles. The micelle formation was ascertained by determining the critical micellar concentration (CMC) with a du Nouy ring tensiometer and by size measurement using dynamic light scattering. Addition of 5% ethanol decreased the CMC of Polysorbate 20 (from 5.0 x 10-5 to 4.54 x 10-5 mol L-1). Etoposide (ET) and etoposide loaded Polysorbate 20 micelles (EPM) were radiolabeled with 99mTc by the reduction method using stannous chloride. Labeling parameters were optimized to obtain high labeling efficiency. The diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and cysteine challenge tests showed very low transchelation of 99mTc-ET and 99mTc-EPM complexes indicating their in vitro stability. The complexes also exhibited serum stability assessed by ascending thin layer chromatography. Subcutaneous injection of EPM resulted in significantly higher tumor uptake (~ 100 folds compared to ET 6 h post injection) (p < 0.001) and prolonged tumor retention. Tumor uptake was also confirmed by gamma imaging studies. EPM exhibited relatively high brain concentrations (~7 fold 24 h post injection) compared to ET, suggesting the potential use of EPM in the treatment of brain malignancies.U radu je proučavan ulazak etopozida (inhibitora topoizomeraze II) u tumorsko tkivo iz micela s polisorbatom 20. Oblikovanje micela je potvrđeno određivanjem kritične micelarne koncentracije (CMC) pomoću du Nouy kružnog tenziometra i mjerenjem veličine čestica metodom rasapa svjetlosti. Dodatak 5% etanola smanjuje CMC polisorbata 20 (od 5,0 x 10-5 do 4,54 x 10-5 mol L-1). Etoposid (ET) i micele etoposida s polisorbatom 20 (EPM) obilježene su radioizotopom 99mTc redukcijom pomoću kositrova klorida. Parameteri markiranja su optimirani. Testovi s dietilentriamin pentaoctenom kiselinom i cisteinom pokazali su vrlo nisko transkeliranje 99mTc-ET i 99mTc-EPM kompleksa, što ukazuje na njihovu stabilnost u uvjetima in vitro. Uzlaznom tankoslojnom kromatografijom dokazana je i stabilnost kompleksa u serumu. Nakon subkutane primjene EPM isporuka etopozida u tumorsko tkivo bila je značajno veća (~ 100 puta u odnosu na ET 6 h poslije injiciranja) (p < 0,001), a dokazano je i produljeno zadržavanje EPM u tumoru. Ulazak u tumor je potvrđen i gama analizom slike. EPM je postigao relativno visoku koncentraciju u mozgu u usporedbi s ET (~ 7 puta veću 24 h poslije injiciranja), zbog čega bi se potencijalno mogao upotrijebiti u terapiji malignih tumora mozga

RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN 802.11AX NETWORKS

Methods of selection of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), video and other users to meet quality of service (QoS) goals and optimize overall performance in 802.11ax networks are provided. These methods allow policy based decisions such as controlling the number of video, VoIP or other users or sub-channel sizes for video (or other) users or deciding data rate (or associated modulation and coding scheme) for each user in each scheduling interval (SI), and allow dynamic decisions for the value of the SI

Gingival crevicularfluid osteoprotegerin levels in Indian population

Background: Initial research indicated that higher concentration of osteoprotegerin (OPG) is associated with healthy periodontium (protective) and its concentration decreases as the periodontal disease progresses. However, till date, there are no studies to investigate the levels of OPG in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) after the treatment of periodontitis. Hence, the present study was carried out to assess its concentration in GCF to find out their association if any, and to explore its possible use as a 'novel bone marker' of the host modulation of periodontal disease. Materials and methods: Sixty-four subjects were divided into 4 groups (16 each), based on clinical attachment loss (CAL) and radiological parameters (bone loss); healthy (group I), gingivitis (group II), slight periodontitis (group III), and moderate-to-severe periodontitis (group IV). Moderate-to-severe periodontitis subjects, after nonsurgical periodontal treatment, (SRP) constituted group V. GCF samples were collected to estimate the levels of OPG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Kruskal-Wallis, Man-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were carried out to compare OPG levels among groups. The Spearman rank correlation test was used to correlate OPG levels between the study groups and the clinical parameters; P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The highest mean OPG concentration in GCF was obtained for group I (162.47 ± 51.171 pg/ μL) and the least for group IV (10.92 ± 1.913 pg/μL), suggesting a negative correlation between OPG concentration and CAL. OPG concentrations in GCF after the treatment of group IV increased from 10.92 ± 1.913 pg/μL to 15.63 ± 4.679 pg/μL. Conclusion: OPG concentration in GCF was inversely proportional to CAL and not an active progression factor for periodontal disease. Further, after the treatment of moderate-to-severe periodontitis subjects (group IV), OPG concentrations increased. Hence, it can be concluded that OPG could be considered as a 'novel bone marker' the host modulation of periodontal disease

Synthons and Design in Metal Phosphates and Oxalates with Open Architectures

We briefly describe the structures of open-framework metal phosphates with different dimensionalities, such as the one-dimensional linear-chain and ladder structures, two-dimensional layer structures and three-dimensional structures with channels. We demonstrate the role of the zero-dimensional four-membered ring monomer and of the one-dimensional ladder structure as the starting building units or synthons involved in the formation of the complex architectures. Thus, we show how the one-dimensional ladder structure transforms to two- and three-dimensional structures under mild conditions. The two-dimensional layer structures also transform to three-dimensional structures, while the zero-dimensional monomer transforms to layered and three-dimensional structures under ordinary reaction conditions. These transformations provide an insight into the possible pathways involved in the building up of the complex structures of metal phosphates. The isolation of amine phosphates during the hydrothermal synthesis of metal phosphates and also the facile reactions between amine phosphates and metal ions to yield a variety of open-framework materials have thrown light on the mechanism of formation and design of these structures. The existence of a hierarchy of open-framework metal oxalates and their ready formation by employing amine oxalates as intermediates provides additional support to the observations made earlier with regard to the phosphates

Gingival crevicularfluid osteoprotegerin levels in Indian population

Background: Initial research indicated that higher concentration of osteoprotegerin (OPG) is associated with healthy periodontium (protective) and its concentration decreases as the periodontal disease progresses. However, till date, there are no studies to investigate the levels of OPG in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) after the treatment of periodontitis. Hence, the present study was carried out to assess its concentration in GCF to find out their association if any, and to explore its possible use as a 'novel bone marker' of the host modulation of periodontal disease. Materials and methods: Sixty-four subjects were divided into 4 groups (16 each), based on clinical attachment loss (CAL) and radiological parameters (bone loss); healthy (group I), gingivitis (group II), slight periodontitis (group III), and moderate-to-severe periodontitis (group IV). Moderate-to-severe periodontitis subjects, after nonsurgical periodontal treatment, (SRP) constituted group V. GCF samples were collected to estimate the levels of OPG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Kruskal-Wallis, Man-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were carried out to compare OPG levels among groups. The Spearman rank correlation test was used to correlate OPG levels between the study groups and the clinical parameters; P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The highest mean OPG concentration in GCF was obtained for group I (162.47 ± 51.171 pg/ μL) and the least for group IV (10.92 ± 1.913 pg/μL), suggesting a negative correlation between OPG concentration and CAL. OPG concentrations in GCF after the treatment of group IV increased from 10.92 ± 1.913 pg/μL to 15.63 ± 4.679 pg/μL. Conclusion: OPG concentration in GCF was inversely proportional to CAL and not an active progression factor for periodontal disease. Further, after the treatment of moderate-to-severe periodontitis subjects (group IV), OPG concentrations increased. Hence, it can be concluded that OPG could be considered as a 'novel bone marker' the host modulation of periodontal disease

Efficacy of Phytoextracts on Female Reproduction and Impact on Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is linked to a wide range of reproductive health problems, including delayed puberty and menarche, irregular menstruation, decreased fertility, unfavorable pregnancy outcomes, and perhaps an early menopause. Depending on the age of the diabetes diagnosis, these issues may appear during puberty, later when fertility is desired, or even during the menopause transition. In the past, amenorrhea and infertility in women with type 1 diabetes were frequently brought on by central hypogonadism. Although these problems have decreased as a result of improvements in metabolic regulation and insulin therapy, they still exist. Other reproductive effects of modern diabetes therapy, like polycystic ovarian syndrome and hyperandrogenism, influenced by insulin's action on the ovaries, have also come to light. Type 2 diabetes is becoming increasingly common in young people, which suggests that more women who are of reproductive age will face difficulties getting pregnant as a result of their diabetes. Healthcare professionals need to be knowledgeable and ready to handle the difficulties of managing reproductive health issues across the lifetime as the number of young women with diabetes keeps growing. Plant-based phytoextracts have drawn interest as potential alternative therapies for controlling diabetes and enhancing reproductive outcomes. According to studies, several phytoextracts may have qualities including insulin sensitization, anti-inflammatory activity, and antioxidants that are good for female reproductive health. Understanding the interactions between female reproductive physiology and diabetes can help overall, and phytoextract supplementation may offer valuable insights into developing personalized and effective interventions to enhance reproductive outcomes and the overall well-being of women with diabetes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiology of female reproduction in the context of diabetes mellitus and investigate the potential impact of phytoextract supplementation on reproductive outcomes. By synthesizing existing literature, the aim is to highlight the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of diabetes on the female reproductive system and explore the potential benefits of natural plant-derived compounds in mitigating these effect