Input and output of energy in processing gizzard pickle

Data were collected from seven replicates to quantify the input of commercial energy in manual processing of oil based (OB) as well as vinegar-based (VB) chicken gizzard pickles and output of caloric values from the products was calculated. Higher amounts of electrical (0.691 kWh) and total energy (9.792 kWh) with lesser inputs of human energy were required in preparation of VB pickle compared with 0.3 (0.597 kWh) and 8.731 M]lkg of raw gizzard products. However, more caloric outputs were obtained from OB product (282 Cal/l00g) compared with VB (261 Cal/l00g) pickle. Despite significant superiority of oil-based gizzard pickle for colour, juiciness and tenderness, the overall acceptability of pickles was insignificantly different. Proximate analysis revealed non significant variations in pH, moisture content and crude protein of the two pickles. Based on the input output energy relations, it is concluded that processing of experimental VB gizzard pickle is economically cost effective (67 Call rupee) over the oil-based (56 Cal/rupee) chicken gizzard pickle

A quantitative study of diffracted X-ray intensities from type I natural diamond crystals by high resolution X-ray diffractometry and comparison with nearly perfect silicon single crystals

Results of accurate measurements of peak and integrated intensities of 2̅20, 4̅40, 2̅2̅4,1̅1̅3 , 111 and 333 reflections of natural diamonds of type I and nearly perfect silicon single crystals are reported. Highly monochromated and collimated MoK α1 exploring beam was used. A quadrupole crystal X-ray diffractometer was employed in (+, -, +) and (+, -, +, -) settings. (111) platelets of diamond and silicon crystals with thicknesses of about 1 mm were selected. High resolution diffraction curves, stationary and traverse topographs were recorded. Diffraction curve half widths of diamond and silicon crystals were in the range: 45–200 arc sec and a few arc sec respectively. The experimental values of integrated intensities ρ for diamond crystals were found to lie between the theoretical values for ideally perfect and ideally imperfect crystals. Experimental values ofρ for silicon were closer to the “perfect crystal” values. This is consistent with the results of diffractometric and topographic evaluation. The peak intensities of all reflections were higher for diamond crystals in comparison to the silicon crystals. The ratio IC/ISi lies in the range 1.3 (111 reflection) to 10.5 (1̅1̅3) and (333) reflections. This is anomalous and cannot be accounted for by considering the degree of perfection, structure factor and difference in absorption coefficient

Mutations in genes related to myocyte contraction and ventricular septum development in non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot

ObjectiveEighty percent of patients with a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) do not have a known genetic etiology or syndrome. We sought to identify key molecular pathways and biological processes that are enriched in non-syndromic TOF, the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease, rather than single driver genes to elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease.MethodsWe undertook exome sequencing of 362 probands with non-syndromic TOF and their parents within the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium (PCGC). We identified rare (minor allele frequency <1 × 10−4), de novo variants to ascertain pathways and processes affected in this population to better understand TOF pathogenesis. Pathways and biological processes enriched in the PCGC TOF cohort were compared to 317 controls without heart defects (and their parents) from the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI).ResultsA total of 120 variants in 117 genes were identified as most likely to be deleterious, with CHD7, CLUH, UNC13C, and WASHC5 identified in two probands each. Gene ontology analyses of these variants using multiple bioinformatic tools demonstrated significant enrichment in processes including cell cycle progression, chromatin remodeling, myocyte contraction and calcium transport, and development of the ventricular septum and ventricle. There was also a significant enrichment of target genes of SOX9, which is critical in second heart field development and whose loss results in membranous ventricular septal defects related to disruption of the proximal outlet septum. None of these processes was significantly enriched in the SFARI control cohort.ConclusionInnate molecular defects in cardiac progenitor cells and genes related to their viability and contractile function appear central to non-syndromic TOF pathogenesis. Future research utilizing our results is likely to have significant implications in stratification of TOF patients and delivery of personalized clinical care

Identification and characterization of photo-thermo insensitive cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes for hot arid environment

High green pod yield, dual purpose type, earliness and photo-thermo insensitivity are the major breeding objectives of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Photo-thermo sensitivity makes this crop vulnerable to photoperiod and temperature fluctuations particularly in hot arid regions, thereby affecting its yield potential drastically. Therefore, the present study was aimed to identify such elite genotypes with photo-thermo insensitivity, which can fit well across all seasons under hot arid environment. The experiments were conducted at ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner during rainy and summer seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21. A wide range of variability among genotypes was observed with respect to various phenological and yield traits over the environments. Among the evaluated genotypes, AHCP-1-4-1 and AHCP-2-3 were found photo-thermo insensitive as these were able to flower and set pods at temperatures as low as 10oC and as high as 46°C. Pollen viability studies indicated that AHCP-1-4-1 had 83.72 and 88.24% pollen viability and AHCP-2-3 had 81.58 and 85.71% viable pollen at 11°C and 46°C, respectively and normal pollen tube growth at both the extremes of temperature. The identified genetic resources will contribute for developing photo-thermo insensitive cultivars and will improve the productivity and extend the availability of cowpea with quality pod yield across all seasons and locations of hot arid regions

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity evaluation of some 2-(9-acridinylamino )pyridines and 2-(9-acridinylamino/imino)thiazolines

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System of crop intensification for more productive, resource-conserving, climate-resilient, and sustainable agriculture: experience with diverse crops in varying agroecologies

With continually increasing demand for food accompanied by the constraints of climate change and the availability and quality of soil and water, the world’s farmers are challenged to produce more food per hectare with less water, and with fewer agrochemical inputs if possible. The ideas and methods of the system of rice intensification which is improving irrigated rice production are now being extended/adapted to many other crops: wheat, maize, finger millet, sugarcane, tef, mustard, legumes, vegetables, and even spices. Promoting better root growth and enhancing the soil’s fertility with organic materials are being found effective means for raising the yields of many crop plants with less water, less fertilizer, reduced seeds, fewer agrochemicals, and greater climate resilience. In this article, we review what is becoming known about various farmer-centred innovations for agroecological crop management that can contribute to agricultural sustainability. These changes represent the emerging system of crop intensification, which is being increasingly applied in Asian, African, and Latin American countries. More research will be needed to verify the efficacy and impact of these innovations and to clarify their conditions and limits. But as no negative effects for human or environmental health have been identified, making these agronomic options more widely known should prompt more investigation and, to the extent justified by results, utilization of these methodologies

Accelerating Bianchi Type-V Cosmology with Perfect Fluid and Heat Flow in Saez-Ballester Theory

In this paper we discuss the law of variation of scale factor $a = (t^{k}e^{t})^{\frac{1}{n}}$ which yields a time-dependent deceleration parameter (DP) representing a new class of models that generate a transition of universe from the early decelerated phase to the recent accelerating phase. Exact solutions of Einstein's modified field equations with perfect fluid and heat conduction are obtained within the framework of Saez-Ballester scalar-tensor theory of gravitation and the model is found to be in good agreement with recent observations. We find, for n = 3, k = 1, the present value of DP in derived model as q_0 = -0.67 which is very near to the observed value of DP at present epoch. We find that the time-dependent DP is sensible for the present day Universe and give an earmark description of evolution of universe. Some physical and geometric properties of the models are also discussed.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure