Experimental Flow Investigation of a Truncated Ideal Contour Nozzle

Various tests showed a significant side load peak for low nozzle pressure ratios during engine start-up and shut down phase. DLR Lampoldshausen carried out tests to examine the flow field in a truncated ideal contour nozzle for low NPR. For NPR20 a slight concave shaped Mach disk was found. Its curvature is limited to the centre and its height trend correlates with measured side loads. A concave shaped Mach disk being responsible for re-attached flows at low NPR could be excluded. The experiments were accompanied by numerical simulations of the flow field on various pressure ratios with regards on the shock pattern. The predicted Mach disk shape compares well with the experiments

Still time to Reclaim The European Union Emissions Trading System for the European Tax Payer

The criteria proposed by the EU Commission to identify industries that will receive free emission permits in the third phase of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) are not restrictive enough. Evidence from interviews with almost 800 managers in Europe shows that most of the sectors entitled to free emission permits are not facing an increased risk of closure or relocation outside of the EU as a consequence of permit auctioning. Free permit allocation is therefore just a transfer of tax payers' money to industry without any additional social benefit. We propose a simple modification of the Commission's criteria for free permit allocation which could save European tax payers at least €7 billion annually.Environment

Impact of energy dissipation on interface shapes and on rates for dewetting from liquid substrates

We revisit the fundamental problem of liquid-liquid dewetting and perform a detailed comparison of theoretical predictions based on thin-film models with experimental measurements obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Specifically, we consider the dewetting of a liquid polystyrene (PS) layer from a liquid polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) layer, where the thicknesses and the viscosities of PS and PMMA layers are similar. The excellent agreement of experiment and theory reveals that dewetting rates for such systems follow no universal power law, in contrast to dewetting scenarios on solid substrates. Our new energetic approach allows to assess the physical importance of different contributions to the energy-dissipation mechanism, for which we analyze the local flow fields and the local dissipation rates.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure

Droplets on liquids and their long way into equilibrium

The morphological paths towards equilibrium droplets during the late stages of the dewetting process of a liquid film from a liquid substrate is investigated experimentally and theoretically. As liquids, short chained polystyrene (PS) and polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) are used, which can be considered as Newontian liquids well above their glass transition temperatures. Careful imaging of the PS/air interface of the droplets during equilibration by \emph{in situ} scanning force microscopy and the PS/PMMA interface after removal of the PS droplets reveal a surprisingly deep penetration of the PS droplets into the PMMA layer. Droplets of sufficiently small volumes develop the typical lens shape and were used to extract the ratio of the PS/air and PS/PMMA surface tensions and the contact angles by comparison to theoretical exact equilibrium solutions of the liquid/liquid system. Using these results in our dynamical thin-film model we find that before the droplets reach their equilibrium they undergo several intermediate stages each with a well-defined signature in shape. Moreover, the intermediate droplet shapes are independent of the details of the initial configuration, while the time scale they are reached depend strongly on the droplet volume. This is shown by the numerical solutions of the thin-film model and demonstrated by quantitative comparison to experimental results

The Impacts of the Climate Change Levy on Manufacturing: Evidence from Microdata

We estimate the impacts of the Climate Change Levy (CCL) on manufacturing plants using panel data from the UK production census. Our identification strategy builds on the comparison of outcomes between plants subject to the CCL and plants that were granted an 80% discount on the levy after joining a Climate Change Agreement (CCA). Exploiting exogenous variation in eligibility for CCA participation, we find that the CCL had a strong negative impact on energy intensity and electricity use. We cannot reject the hypothesis that the tax had no detrimental effects on economic performance and on plant exit.

Intuitive and Deliberative Decision-Making in Negotiations

This study departs from common conjecture by challenging the preference for deliberation or intuition, or both, in negotiations. In contrast to prior negotiation studies considering judgment precision, this study builds on underlying personality traits. Therefore, the findings are valid beyond the experimental context. This study conceptualizes and experimentally tests the impact of preference for intuitive and deliberate decision-making during negotiations in Chinese, German, and Polish cultures. Contrasting an emotional with a neutral setting, the paper evaluates the impact preference for intuition and deliberation have on negotiation outcome. The results challenge the frequent assumption made in negotiation analysis: Deliberative negotiators are superior

The Impact of Missing Values on PLS, ML and FIML Model Fit

Structural equation modelling has become widespread in the marketing research domain due to the possibility of creating and investigating latent constructs. Today, several estimation methods are available, each with strengths and drawbacks. This study investigates how the established estimation methods of partial-least-squares (PLS), maximum likelihood (ML) and full-information maximum likelihood (FIML) perform with an increasing percentage of missing values (MVs). The research was conducted by investigating an adapted model of the European customer satisfaction index (ECSI). MVs were randomly generated with an algorithm. The performance of PLS, ML and FIML was tested with eight data sets that contained between 2.22% and 27.78% randomly generated MVs. It was shown that ML performs relatively poorly if the percentage of MVs exceeds 7%, while PLS performs satisfactorily if the percentage of MVs does not exceed 9%. FIML was shown to be mostly stable up to 17% MVs

Anatomy of a Paradox: Management Practices, Organisational Structure and Energy Efficiency

This paper presents new evidence on managerial and organizational factors that explain firm level energy efficiency and TFP. We interviewed managers of 190 randomly selected manufacturing plants in the UK and matched their responses with official business microdata. We find that 'climate friendly' management practices are associated with lower energy intensity and higher TFP. Firms that adopt more such practices also engage in more R&D related to climate change. We show that the variation in management practices across firms can be explained in part by organizational structure. Firms are more likely to adopt climate friendly management practices if climate change issues are managed by the environmental or energy manager, and if this manager is close to the CEO. Our results support the view that the "energy efficiency paradox" can be explained by managerial factors and highlight their importance for private-sector innovation that will sustain future growth in energy efficiency.climate policy, energy efficiency, firm behavior, management practices, manufacturing,microdata, organizational structure