FLASH MEMORY DEVICES WITH METAL FLOATING GATE/METAL NANOCRYSTALS AS THE CHARGE STORAGE LAYER: A STATUS REVIEW

Traditional flash memory devices consist of Polysilicon Control Gate (CG) – Oxide-Nitride-Oxide (ONO - Interpoly Dielectric) – Polysilicon Floating Gate (FG) – Silicon Oxide (Tunnel dielectric) – Substrate. The dielectrics have to be scaled down considerably in order to meet the escalating demand for lower write/erase voltages and higher density of cells. But as the floating gate dimensions are scaled down the charge stored in the floating gate leak out more easily via thin tunneling oxide below the floating gate which causes serious reliability issues and the whole amount of stored charge carrying information can be lost. The possible route to eliminate this problem is to use high-k based interpoly dielectric and to replace the polysilicon floating gate with a metal floating gate. At larger physical thickness, these materials have similar capacitance value hence avoiding tunneling effect.  Discrete nanocrystal memory has also been proposed to solve this problem. Due to its high operation speed, excellent scalability and higher reliability it has been shown as a promising candidate for future non-volatile memory applications. This review paper focuses on the recent efforts and research activities related to the fabrication and characterization of non-volatile memory device with metal floating gate/metal nanocrystals as the charge storage layer

Fixed point result in controlled fuzzy metric spaces with application to dynamic market equilibrium

summary:In this paper, we introduce $\Theta_f$-type controlled fuzzy metric spaces and establish some fixed point results in this spaces. We provide suitable examples to validate our result. We also employ an application to substantiate the utility of our established result for finding the unique solution of an integral equation emerging in the dynamic market equilibrium aspects to economics

Results with Tripled Common Random Fixed points

In this paper, we present tripled coincidence point theorems for F...............

A study to assess awareness regarding eye donation among post graduate medical students admitted through NEET pre PG 2014 of Gajra Raja medical college Gwalior, M.P., India

Background: According to WHO estimates India has 10 million blind populations. Corneal problems cause a significant proportion of blindness in India. Although effective strategies to prevent corneal blindness are likely to be more cost effective, visual rehabilitation by corneal transplantation remains the major treatment for restoring sight in those who already have corneal blindness. The requirement of donor corneas per year is at least 20 times the current procurement. Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitude of post graduate medical students regarding eye donation and their willingness to pledge eyes for donation.Methods: The present study was a cross sectional study conducted using a pretested questionnaire on 116 Post graduate Medical Students but only 106 actually participated in the study.Results: A total of 106 students actually participated in the study. Among them 63 (59.43%) were males and 43 (40.57%) were females. The maximum percentages of the students were of age group 26-29 years. All the students were aware regarding eye donation but still they felt it was necessary to obtain consent from family members.Conclusion: These data showed that although the awareness is good but still there is imperative need to emphasize to evade myths concerning eye donation to promote eye donation.

Enhancement of bioavailability of herbal drugs for treating viral therapy using SNEDDS as the delivery system

SNEDDS were developed with the objective of treating low bioavailability of drugs for antiviral drugs due to its low solubility. The scientist has increased their interest in improving bioavailability and absorption of poorly-water soluble drugs using Self-Emulsifying lipid technology. SNEDDS was an isocratic mixture contains an Oil, Surfactant, Co-surfactant, and Drug in accurate amount. The SNEDDS was primarily prepared as liquid-SNEDDS, but S-SNEDDS was more stable as compared to L-SNEDDS. As viral infection was major threat for people due to its limited efficacy and Serious adverse effects. The most damaging viral diseases was treated with help of SNEDDS as delivery system. They were a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The plant and plant source were major source from which the extracted metabolites used for synthesis of drug through metabolic pathway. The phytochemicals and extracts were better and safe alternative for synthetic drugs. The phytochemicals like Curcumin, Myricetin, Apigenin etc. used as drug for treating antivirals using SNEDDS. This technique was used for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Also, the ternary phase diagram gives dramatic representation of Oil, surfactant and Co-surfactant which shows its concentration. Some characterization techniques were Droplet size, Zeta potential, XRD, DSC, FTIR, and TGA. Also, QbD provides a platform for systemic production of drug formulations. QbD was used for its better bioavailability

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Comparison of non-axisymmetric dynamic response of imperfectly bonded buried orthotropic thick and thin cylindrical empty shell due to incident shear wave (SH Wave) / Rakesh Singh Rajput … [et al.]

This paper deals with the non-axisymmetric dynamic response of imperfectly bonded buried orthotropic thick and thin empty pipelines subjected to incident shear wave (SH-wave). In the thin shell theory, the effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia is not considered. The pipeline has been modeled as an infinite cylindrical shell imperfectly bonded to surrounding. A thin layer, acting as an imperfect bond, is assumed between the shell and the surrounding medium (soil). The degree of imperfection of the bond is varied by changing the stiffness and the damping parameters of this layer. Although a general formulation has been presented, numerical results are given only for the case of incident SH-waves. When system is excited by incident seismic-wave, there are two types of soil movements take place. One is vertical movement (up and down) of the soil and due to this movement the shear wave (S-V and S-H) is developed on the surface of the pipe and other is horizontal movement (compressive or extend) of the soil due to this the longitudinal wave or pressure wave. In this paper, the results concerning only the shear waves (SH Wave) are presented. The radial displacement of the thin shell first decreases then increases with increasing wave number and for thick shell the radial displacement decreases continuously with increasing wave number

Comparative Study on Receivers Performance Using DFE and LE Equalizer for Uwb Communication System

Abstract: -In This paper comparison results are presented for receiver used for UWB communication system .we have taken in to account of impact of all the parameter such as Rake fingers and equalization tap on the error performance and SNR. Rake receivers can be employed since they are able to provide multipath diversity .another aspect is to combate the inter-symbol-interference(ISI) ,this distorts the transmitted signal. A semi analytical approach and mote-carlo simulation are used to investigate the BER performance of receivers on IEEE 802.15.3a UWB channel mode. we observe that the performance of MMSE Time domain equliser with DFE is high as compared to other receiver

Calibration and evaluation of pedotransfer functions to estimate available water capacity of seasonally impounded shrink-swell soils of central India

Not AvailablePedotransfer functions (PTF) to estimate available water capacity of seasonally impounded shrink-swell soils of central India are presented. Performance of the calibrated PTFs is compared with that of ‘Rosetta’ a widely used general PTF. Available information on soil properties contained nine point soil water retention data for 175 samples measured at varied potentials, textural composition, bulk density and organic carbon content. Nine widely used water retention functions proposed by different researchers were fitted to the measured data and evaluated for efficacy to describe water retention characteristics (WRC). Of the nine functions evaluated, Brooks-Corey, van Genuchten, and Campbell functions were recommended for describing WRC of these soils. We present point PTFs to estimate available water capacity (AWC) using two approaches-regression and artificial neural networks (ANN). Point estimation PTFs were calibrated for water contents at 733 and 71500 kPa and consequently AWC. Performance evaluation with root mean square error (RMSE) criteria suggested that ANN based PTFs were better than regression PTFs. Performance evaluation of ‘Rosetta’ suggested its limited applicability for the study area. Region-specific PTFs to predict AWC were recommended. Increasing the number of predictor variables improved performance of neural PTFs and ‘Rosetta’

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM IN DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE USING INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA – OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

Objective: To develop a precise, accurate, sensitive and selective analytical method using inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for the determination of platinum and palladium in Donepezil hydrochloride raw material, a reversible acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor.Methods: The method developed and validated uses dry ashing for the extraction of platinum and palladium from Donepezil hydrochloride. Ash thus obtained was leached into an acidic solution followed by analysis of platinum and palladium using ICP-OES at wavelength 306.471 nm and 340.458 nm respectively. The method was studied for the various validation parameters including precision, accuracy, linearity, etc. for both the elements.Results: The method was found to be linear in the wide working range of 0.2 µg/ml to16 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998 for platinum and 0.1µg/ml to 8µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 for palladium. The recoveries of platinum and palladium from the spiked samples of Donepezil hydrochloride at three different spiking levels were found to be in the range of 86.87 – 98.59% for both platinum and palladium. The limit of detection was found as 0.1 µg/ml and 0.05 µg/ml for platinum and palladium respectively while the limit of quantitation was found to be 0.2 µg/ml and 0.1 µg/ml for platinum and palladium.Conclusion: The results of the validation studies indicate that the proposed method can be used for the simultaneous determination of platinum and palladium in Donepezil hydrochloride to ensure the quality and purity of Donepezil hydrochloride as a raw material for formulating the pharmaceutical formulations.Â