Epiphanies of the Principalship: A Study of Passages in Educational Administration.

This scrapbook of biographical sketches serves as an exhibition of portraits in the elementary school principalship through experiencing a gallery of leadership interviews. Perspectives have been framed in compositions that represent the practical realist, the idealist, and at times even a surrealistic perspective of the elementary principal. Critical incidents were shared from individual participants representing catalysts for momentous change; themes of personal realizations, barriers to effectiveness, and challenges in the career of an administrator also contributed as dominant elements of the final work. A qualitative research method employing interviews explored the variation of colorful experiences that 23 elementary administrators encountered over the tenure of their careers. Each interview file was imported into the NUD*IST program. These files were then systematically coded and analyzed. The thick and rich descriptions provided opportunities for professionals to identify with the comments from practitioners and therefore established the applicability of the study. During a time when the entire nation is engaged in adjusting to the impact of a single catastrophic event, it is appropriate to stop and address the little explored regions of the routines that daily exert constraints on time, and shape consciously or unconsciously how principals are affected as a result of their career choice of administration. This study might be of interest to institutions that prepare instructional leaders for elementary school principalship. It could also assist superintendents and supervisors in public education by making them aware of what they might contribute to the success of their students by establishing an ideal relationship with their principals combining latitude, trust, and support. Finally, it could serve to validate or confront practitioners as they resolve issues of their own practice though vicariously experiencing the events and situations shared by their colleagues and peers

Common Market Competition Policy as a Strategic Planning Issue for Transnational Firms

Managers in charge of international business decisions must recognize competitive conditions to make production, distribution, and marketing decisions. They must be cognizant of competitors\u27 strategies as well as institutional arrangements which affect competition. As the international business environment has expanded, government regulations designed to control unfair or restrictive business practices have proliferated. Today, nearly all major developed countries with market economies prohibit the abuses of monopoly power and proscribe certain enterprise activities which restrain competition. Furthermore, governments have become less reluctant to apply their antitrust law extraterritorially. The ability of multinational firms to compete in international markets will increasingly depend upon their recognition and adherence to statutes which regulate business operations. This paper discusses the historical development of European Economic Community (EEC) competition policy with regard to U.S. firms competing in the Common Market. The study points out the business practices of American multinationals that have been determined to be incompatible with the EEC treaty. Further, the Community\u27s settlement of its antitrust case with IBM, and the effects of the agreement are analyzed. This paper discusses the historical development of European Economic Community (EEC) competition policy with regard to U.S. firms competing in the Common Market. The study points out the business practices of American multinationals that have been determined to be incompatible with the EEC treaty. Further, the Community\u27s settlement of its antitrust case with IBM, and the effects of the agreement are analyzed

Common Market Competition Policy as a Strategic Planning Issue for Transnational Firms

Managers in charge of international business decisions must recognize competitive conditions to make production, distribution, and marketing decisions. They must be cognizant of competitors\u27 strategies as well as institutional arrangements which affect competition. As the international business environment has expanded, government regulations designed to control unfair or restrictive business practices have proliferated. Today, nearly all major developed countries with market economies prohibit the abuses of monopoly power and proscribe certain enterprise activities which restrain competition. Furthermore, governments have become less reluctant to apply their antitrust law extraterritorially. The ability of multinational firms to compete in international markets will increasingly depend upon their recognition and adherence to statutes which regulate business operations

The Theoretical Rationale for a Common European Currency Revisited

At the outset of a discussion of monetary integration, the characteristics that are essential for a monetary union as well as those necessary for the continued and successful existence of the monetary union must be considered. These three requirements—effectively a single currency, a single union monetary policy, union control of international reserves and the external exchange rate—are regarded here as essential for an arrangement to qualify as a monetary union. It is necessary to realize from the beginning that the political commitment to achieve the goals of a European monetary system must be present. In other words, the national sovereignty member nations turn over to union authority and the extent national policies and performance are brought into greater harmony will determine whether a monetary union stands or falls

The Theoretical Rationale for a Common European Currency Revisted

At the outset of a discussion of monetary integration, the characteristics that are essential for a monetary union as well as those necessary for the continued and successful existence of the monetary union must be considered. First, in any monetary union, either there must be a single currency, or if there are several currencies, these currencies must be fully convertible, in one another, at immutably fixed exchange rates thus effectively creating a single currency. Second, the immutability of fixed exchange rates depends upon mutually consistent monetary policies within the union. Thus, there must be an arrangement whereby monetary policy for the union, especially regulations affecting the commercial banks\u27 ability to create money, is determined at the union level. Finally, there must be a single external exchange rate policy, because there can be only one rate of exchange between an external currency and union currency. To achieve such an end, the national authorities must relinquish individual control over their international reserves and invest control in a union authority

The Social Economics of Frank H. Knight

Frank Hyneman Knight is well known for rehabilitating neoclassical economics with his 1924 critique of Pigouvian welfare economics. In Knight\u27s thirty years at the University of Chicago, he thoroughly developed the notion that economic freedom and market competition are essential to maximize society\u27s welfare. However, Knight\u27s belief in the superiority of the market mechanism does not preclude serious concern about issues of social justice and reform. This study seeks to establish Frank H. Knight\u27s contributions to social economics. Elements of Knight\u27s work will be compared to commonly recognized characteristics of a social economist. Knight\u27s prominence in the discipline of economics warrants an investigation of his contribution to the intellectual history of social economics. The following section outlines a framework for isolating contributions to the field of social economics. Then, the specific elements of Knight\u27s social economics will be considered

Economic Foundations for the Competition Policy Implemented by the EEC

The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical economic framework for the analysis of the competition policy implemented by the European Economic Community (EEC). The fundamental objective is to demonstrate that the EEC\u27s actual approach to regulating restrictive business practices can be related to a concept of competition that is relevant and adequate for the analysis and explanation of competition policy in the EEC. The thesis is that a strong theoretical relationship can be shown to exist between EEC business regulation and the conceptual parallels in the theories on competition of J.A. Schumpeter and J.M. Clark

Electromagnetic field interactions with the human body: Observed effects and theories

The effects of nonionizing electromagnetic (EM) field interactions with the human body were reported and human related studies were collected. Nonionizing EM fields are linked to cancer in humans in three different ways: cause, means of detection, and effective treatment. Bad and benign effects are expected from nonionizing EM fields and much more knowledge is necessary to properly categorize and qualify EM field characteristics. It is concluded that knowledge of the boundary between categories, largely dependent on field intensity, is vital to proper future use of EM radiation for any purpose and the protection of the individual from hazard

Issues and Implications of Implementing Surcharges to Improve the U.S. Balance of Trade

Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, increasing positive balances on the services account provided a substantial offset to negative balances in merchandise trade, and, consequently, the cumulative current balance was a positive $3.8 billion for the period 1970-80. Since 1981, the progressively smaller balances in services have been insufficient to offset the increasingly negative merchandise trade balances. Table 1-1 shows the deterioration in U.S. international accounts during this period

Adam Smith on Competitive Religious Markets: Preaching about Preachers?

Anderson (1988) and Rosenberg (1960) have provided substantial insights into Adam Smith\u27s economic analysis of religious behavior. In particular, both emphasized Smith\u27s optimistic view of competitive religious markets. As an addendum, this paper investigates more closely the theoretical basis for Smith\u27s prediction that optimal religious doctrine and institutions would spontaneously evolve in free markets for preachers