The political ecology and economy of protected areas and violence: a case study of the conflict of the Kivus in the Democratic Republic of Congo

The role that national parks play in violent conflict has rarely been discussed. Conflict literature focuses on the interaction of specific natural resources on the initiation and perpetuation of war and debate has emphasised the degree to which resource scarcity and abundance are pertinent. The role of space, particularly environmentally-significant areas, in shaping these trajectories has been subject to limited interrogation. Drawing from political economy literature, the dissertation explores the relationship between occupation of these spaces by armed groups and the desire to acquire financial and material resources. Furthermore, by situating the study sites within their historical and political context, the dissertation also investigates linkages to political ecology models which seek to explain how environmental changes shape wider political and economic processes and how they in turn shape environmental change. This work undertakes a case study approach, focussing on two national parks in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo that have been subject since the 1990s to the world’s deadliest conflict in the post-World War II era. By mapping conflict related health data in proximity to the case study sites, comparisons between the two sites were possible due to similar geographic attributes (namely protected area status) and political context. Positive linkages between levels of violence as a result of the armed conflict were established across both sites. Higher levels of violence in proximity to the national park that lacked valuable conflict-related resources point to the relative importance of location versus the economic benefit of occupying these spaces. This is substantiated by qualitative analysis across the two sites and a household survey around one. Therefore, it is concluded that national parks influence violence by virtue of their status as state-owned entities; by their possession of valuable resources; and by the strategic value of their location. Hence, it may be argued that the role of environmentally-significant spaces in armed conflict is worthy of further empirical analysis in studies of political ecology

Technik für ein selbstbestimmtes Leben im Alter: eine Forschungsstrategie zur kontextintegrierenden und praxiszentrierten Bedarfsanalyse

Up to now, the development of technical support systems for the elderly has largely been technology-driven, with results often failing to meet the real challenges inherent to independent living in old age. In contrast, we present a research strategy capable of surveying the needs and desires of the elderly based on an analysis of their everyday lives and activities. The results are applicable to the development of assistance systems that support independence and self-determination in the domestic lives of the elderly. The strategy presented here is focused on the first step of identifying the specific needs of the elderly. Transferring this scientific data into technical requirements would be a subsequent second step.Our approach of a context-integrating and practice-centered needs assessment combines elements from field study methods and participatory research to paint a valid picture of the challenges present in the everyday lives of older people.The methodology is particularly useful in developing technical systems for contexts of application characterized by a high degree of routinization and, therefore, also by a high degree of reluctance to accept the effort that goes with adapting innovations. Our methodology may be used within, but also beyond, the field of technology development for the elderly.Die Entwicklung von technischen Unterstützungssystemen für ältere Menschen verläuft bisher vorwiegend technologiegetrieben und geht in ihren Ergebnissen vielfach an den realen Herausforderungen einer selbstbestimmten Lebensführung im Alter vorbei. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Rahmen des Beitrags eine Forschungsstrategie vorgestellt, die darauf abzielt, die diesbezüglichen Bedürfnisse und Wünsche auf der Basis einer Analyse der alltäglichen Lebensführung zu erheben. Die Ergebnisse können genutzt werden, um technische Assistenzsysteme für ältere Menschen zu entwickeln, die dazu beitragen, deren selbstständige und selbstbestimmte häusliche Lebensführung zu unterstützen. Dabei ist die präsentierte Methodik auf den ersten Schritt einer Identifikation der konkreten Bedürfnisse ausgerichtet. Der Transfer der sozialwissenschaftlichen Daten in konkrete technische Anforderungsprofile wäre der darauf aufbauende zweite Schritt. Im von uns entwickelten Ansatz einer kontextintegrierenden, praxiszentrierten Bedarfsanalyse werden Elemente der Feldforschung und der partizipativen Forschung verknüpft, um auf diese Weise zu einem validen Bild der relevanten Herausforderungen im Alltag älterer Menschen zu gelangen.Die Methodik lässt sich -auch jenseits des Anwendungsfeldes der Technikentwicklung für ältere Menschen- besonders dann sinnvoll einsetzen, wenn technische Systeme für Anwendungskontexte entwickelt werden sollen, die sich durch ein hohes Maß an Routinehaftigkeit und entsprechend durch eine Widerständigkeit gegenüber den Zumutungen auszeichnen, die mit der Adaption von Innovationen verbunden sind

Expression of p16 in Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia Does Not Correlate with HPV-Infection

The aim of our study was to identify the frequency of expression of p16INK4a (CDKN2A) and HPV (human papilloma virus) in different grades of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Transcriptional response in the unaffected kidney after contralateral hydronephrosis or nephrectomy

Transcriptional response in the unaffected kidney after contralateral hydronephrosis or nephrectomy.BackgroundUnilateral loss of kidney function is followed by compensatory contralateral growth. The early, genome-wide transcriptional response of the untouched kidney to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or unilateral nephrectomy is unknown.MethodsTwelve adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to UUO and twelve rats to unilateral nephrectomy. At time points 12, 24, and 72 hours after insult four rats each were sacrificed and the contralateral kidney harvested for genome-wide gene expression analysis, transcription factor analysis, and histomorphology.ResultsMicroarray studies revealed that the majority of differentially expressed transcripts were suppressed in UUO and unilateral nephrectomy compared to control kidneys. The function of these suppressed genes is predominantly growth inhibition and apoptosis suggesting a net pro-hypertrophic response. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2)-binding protein was one of the few activated genes. We observed a distinctly different molecular signature between UUO and unilateral nephrectomy at the three time points investigated. The early response in UUO rats suggests a counterbalance to the nonfiltering kidney by activation of transport pathways such as the aquaporins. Unilateral nephrectomy kidneys, on the other hand, respond immediately to contralateral nephrectomy by activation of cell cycle regulators such as the cyclin family. Several genes with weakly defined function were found to be associated with either UUO or unilateral nephrectomy. Transcription factor analysis of the identified transcripts suggests common regulation at least of some of these genes. All kidneys showed normal histology.ConclusionRelease of growth inhibition by nephrectomy leads to immediate cell cycle activation after unilateral nephrectomy, whereas UUO kidneys counterbalance filtration failure by activation of several transporters

Diagnosis and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia - S1 guideline of the German Society of Neurology.

INTRODUCTION Neurogenic dysphagia defines swallowing disorders caused by diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system, neuromuscular transmission, or muscles. Neurogenic dysphagia is one of the most common and at the same time most dangerous symptoms of many neurological diseases. Its most important sequelae include aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition and dehydration, and affected patients more often require long-term care and are exposed to an increased mortality. Based on a systematic pubmed research of related original papers, review articles, international guidelines and surveys about the diagnostics and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia, a consensus process was initiated, which included dysphagia experts from 27 medical societies. RECOMMENDATIONS This guideline consists of 53 recommendations covering in its first part the whole diagnostic spectrum from the dysphagia specific medical history, initial dysphagia screening and clinical assessment, to more refined instrumental procedures, such as flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, the videofluoroscopic swallowing study and high-resolution manometry. In addition, specific clinical scenarios are captured, among others the management of patients with nasogastric and tracheotomy tubes. The second part of this guideline is dedicated to the treatment of neurogenic dysphagia. Apart from dietary interventions and behavioral swallowing treatment, interventions to improve oral hygiene, pharmacological treatment options, different modalities of neurostimulation as well as minimally invasive and surgical therapies are dealt with. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis and treatment of neurogenic dysphagia is challenging and requires a joined effort of different medical professions. While the evidence supporting the implementation of dysphagia screening is rather convincing, further trials are needed to improve the quality of evidence for more refined methods of dysphagia diagnostics and, in particular, the different treatment options of neurogenic dysphagia. The present article is an abridged and translated version of the guideline recently published online ( https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/030-111l_Neurogene-Dysphagie_2020-05.pdf )

Thrombocytopenia and Acute Renal Failure in Puumala Hantavirus Infections

Low platelet counts are a novel predictive marker suitable for risk-adapted patient management

“A very orderly retreat”: Democratic transition in East Germany, 1989-90

East Germany's 1989-90 democratisation is among the best known of East European transitions, but does not lend itself to comparative analysis, due to the singular way in which political reform and democratic consolidation were subsumed by Germany's unification process. Yet aspects of East Germany's democratisation have proved amenable to comparative approaches. This article reviews the comparative literature that refers to East Germany, and finds a schism between those who designate East Germany's transition “regime collapse” and others who contend that it exemplifies “transition through extrication”. It inquires into the merits of each position and finds in favour of the latter. Drawing on primary and secondary literature, as well as archival and interview sources, it portrays a communist elite that was, to a large extent, prepared to adapt to changing circumstances and capable of learning from “reference states” such as Poland. Although East Germany was the Soviet state in which the positions of existing elites were most threatened by democratic transition, here too a surprising number succeeded in maintaining their position while filing across the bridge to market society. A concluding section outlines the alchemy through which their bureaucratic power was transmuted into property and influence in the “new Germany”

Donor perspectives on strengthening capacity development for conservation

Global perspectives on the pathways for developing capacity for conservation remain limited. Hindering the robustness of solutions is a dearth of opportunities to foster discussion and dialogue among capacity development practitioners, academics, partners, beneficiaries and donors. Additionally, little is known about donor perspectives on capacity development, and about pathways to developing a more sustainable investment in capacity development for conservation. The 2019 Capacity Building for Conservation Conference in London, UK, provided a unique opportunity to convene more than 150 capacity development practitioners from the global conservation community. The Conference included structured opportunities to hear donor perspectives on strengthening capacity development. Session leaders took detailed notes to document donor perspectives and the discussions around them. A thematic analysis of this empirical evidence resulted in the identification of four key themes with corresponding recommendations, consisting of (1) collaborative design of capacity development initiatives, (2) monitoring and evaluation, (3) longer-term and flexible investments, and (4) building strong relationships between donors and grantees. Given the Convention on Biological Diversity is currently drafting the long-term strategic framework for capacity development post-2020, and global calls to protect significant portions of our land- and seascapes, our recommendations are timely and may inform a way forward