Properties of certain algebras between L∞and H∞

AbstractThe main result of this paper is that if F is a closed subset of the unit circle, then (H∞ + LF∞)H∞ is an M-ideal of L∞H∞. Consequently, if ƒ ∈ L∞ then ƒ has a closest element in H∞ + LF∞. Furthermore, if ¦F¦ >0 thenL∞(H∞ + LF∞) is not the dual of any Banach space

Benzhixol Abuse in Hilla Province

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Trichoderma Viride-mediated Bioconversion: A Promising Approach for Recycling of Household Kitchen Waste

Management of waste has become challenging issue for mankind to resolve. From diverse routes enormous quantities of waste are generated every day, the majority of waste is dumped on roadways, in open spaces, or near water bodies (such as streams, rivers, or drainage systems) or on the roadways, which is the main cause for polluting of the environment. Present study was designed to investigate different recycling approaches to remediate the kitchen waste into organic manure. Various experimental sets were designed to investigate the rate of decomposition of kitchen waste with different mixtures viz Set‑I (Kitchen waste:Dung), set‑II (Kitchen waste: Rice straw), Set‑III (Kitchen waste:Dung: Rice straw), Set‑IV (Kitchen waste:Dung+Trichoderma viride), Set‑V (Kitchen waste:Rice straw+Trichoderma viride) and Set‑V (Kitchen waste:Dung:Rice straw+Trichoderma viride). Results of the present study revealed that all the experimental sets showed ability to recycle the kitchen waste into organic manure. However significantly higher rate decomposition was observed in set-IV (KW: D+Trichoderma viride) such as change in physical features (color, odour, loss of weight and volume). Therefore, kitchen waste mixed with cow dung and Trichoderma was found to be the most suitable medium for the decomposition of kitchen waste. This method can be used for the recycling of other types of biodegradable waste to develop alternative organic fertilizer for agriculture purposes

CTJ: Input-Output Based Relation Combinatorial Testing Strategy Using Jaya Algorithm

            ويكاد يكون من المستحيل اختبار كل مجموعة من المدخلات نظرًا لأن تنفيذ حالات الاختبار يتطلب وقتا طويلا للغاية. الأختبار الاندماجي هو السبيل لتخطي عقبات الاختبار الشامل من خلال أختبار كل قيم المدخلات لكل المعاملات المركبة المتعددة طرق الترتيب.   يمكن تقسيم الاختبار التجميعي إلى ثلاثة أنواع هي تفاعل القوة الموحد ، والتفاعل المتغير والقوة ، والعلاقة القائمة على المدخلات والمخرجات . ان الطريقة الاخيرة الانفة الذكر تختزل الفحص الاندماجي الى مجموعة ضمن اختيار الشخص الفاحص. معظم الابحاث في الاختبار الاندماجي طبقت في تفاعل القوة الموحدة وقوة التفاعل المتغيرة ، ومع ذلك ، هناك اهتمام قليل جدا بالعلاقة بين المدخلات والمخرجات. لذا تم اقتراح خوارزمية جايا في هذا البحث  كخوارزمية مثلي لانشاء جدول الفحص الاندماجي باستراتيجية تعتمد على العلاقة بين المدخلات والمخرجات. نتيجة تطبيق خوارزمية جايا في الاختبار الاندماجي القائم على المدخلات والمخرجات مقبولة لأنها تنتج العدد الأمثل تقريبًا لحالات الاختبار في نطاق زمني مقبول.Software testing is a vital part of the software development life cycle. In many cases, the system under test has more than one input making the testing efforts for every exhaustive combination impossible (i.e. the time of execution of the test case can be outrageously long). Combinatorial testing offers an alternative to exhaustive testing via considering the interaction of input values for every t-way combination between parameters. Combinatorial testing can be divided into three types which are uniform strength interaction, variable strength interaction and input-output based relation (IOR). IOR combinatorial testing only tests for the important combinations selected by the tester. Most of the researches in combinatorial testing applied the uniform and the variable interaction strength, however, there is still a lack of work addressing IOR. In this paper, a Jaya algorithm is proposed as an optimization algorithm engine to construct a test list based on IOR in the proposed combinatorial test list generator strategy into a tool called CTJ. The result of applying the Jaya algorithm in input-output based combinatorial testing is acceptable since it produces a nearly optimum number of test cases in a satisfactory time range

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF DOMPERIDONE SUBLINGUAL TABLETS

Objective: The aim of this work was to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble, anti-emetic drug; domperidone (DMP) having a poor oral bioavailability (13-17%) due to extensive first pass metabolism. The goal of this study was achieved through solubilization of DMP using solid dispersion technology followed by incorporation of solid dispersions into sublingual tablets to bypass pre-systemic metabolism.Methods: Solid dispersions of DMP with Pluronic F-68 were prepared in different weight ratios by fusion method and they were evaluated for their in vitro dissolution rate to select the best ratio for final formulation. Then, solid dispersions were formulated into sublingual tablets in combination with various soluble excipients. Sublingual tablets were prepared by direct compression technique and evaluated for their physical properties, in vitro dissolution rate and kinetics of drug release. The best formulae were selected for in vivo studies in rabbits in comparison with marketed oral tablets; Motinorm®.Results: Solid dispersions of DMP with Pluronic F-68 in a weight ratio of 1:7 (w/w) showed the highest dissolution rate and were selected for sublingual tablets formulation. Sublingual tablets formulae S16 (containing Fructose and 10% w/w Ac-Di-Sol) and S20 (containing Fructose and 10% w/w Explotab) showed the best results and were selected for in vivo studies in rabbits. The selected formulae showed marked enhancement of DMP bioavailability compared with the commercial oral tablets; Motinorm®, with relative bioavailability values of 432.49±10.13% and 409.32±11.59 % for S16 and S20, respectively.Conclusion: The results confirmed that sublingual tablets were an effective tool for DMP delivery with marked enhancement of bioavailability.Keywords: Domperidone, Solubility, Solid dispersions, Sublingual tablets, First-pass metabolism, Bioavailabilit

The Effect of Aesthetic Teaching of Arabic Language in Improving the Skills of Aesthetic Taste, for the Sixth Grade Students in Jordan أثر التدريس الجمالي لمبحث اللغة العربية في تنمية التذوق الجمالي لدى طلبة الصف السادس الأساسي في الأردن

Abstract: This study aimed at investigating the effect of Aesthetic teaching on the improving of aesthetic taste skills of the Arabic language, for sixth grade students in Jordan. The sample of the study consisted of (158) students, who had been distributed in two groups: experimental and control, the experimental group studied for 8 weeks according to the method of Aesthetic teaching, while the control group studied according to the usual method. The aesthetic taste skills test was implemented on both groups before and after teaching. The results of ANCOVA analysis reveal statistically significant difference at (α=0.05) between the two groups in favor for the experimental group. Also, the results showed no statistically significant difference a (α=0.05) due to the gender, and there were statistically significant difference at (α=0.05) attributed to the interaction between gender and method of teaching aesthetic taste skills, in favor of males. ملخص: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن أثر التدريس الجمالي في تنمية مهارات التذوق الجمالي لدى طلبة الصف السادس الأساسي في الأردن. تكوّن أفراد الدراسة من (158) طالبا وطالبة, وُزّعوا على مجموعتين: تجريبية وضابطة ولتحقيق أهداف هذه الدراسة أُعدّ دليل المعلم, وأُعِدّ اختبار التذوق الجمالي. درست المجموعة التجريبية مدة ثمانية أسابيع وفق طريقة التدريس الجمالي, ودرست المجموعة الضابطة المدة ذاتها وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية. وطُبِّق اختبار التذوق الجمالي على المجموعتين قبل التدريس وبعده, أظهرت نتائج تحليل التباين الأحادي (ANCOVA), وجود فرق ذي دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى(α=0.05) بين المجموعتين تعزى إلى أثر التدريس الجمالي في مهارات التذوق الجمالي, لصالح المجموعة التجريبية, وأن هناك فرقا ذا دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى(α=0.05) بين أداء الذكور والإناث يعزى إلى التفاعل بين طريقة التدريس والجنس لصالح الذكور, وعدم وجود فرق ذي دلالة إحصائية يعزى إلى الجنس

Evaluation of Gasoline Samples from Several Erbil Petrol Stations

Gasoline is one of the main petroleum products used in transportation sectors in the Kurdistan region. The amount of gasoline provided from official refineries present in the region, which cover only a small portion of the total gasoline demand. The second source, which is the main one, is provided from outside of the region by private companies and includes three grades of gasoline (regular, premium, and super). The third source is blended gasoline, prepared locally in the region. Accordingly, to evaluate the available gasoline in the region, more than 100 samples of the three grades of gasoline were collected from different oil stations in Erbil City. Physical and chemical specifications were carried out, including sulfur content, octane number (RON and MON), density, vapour pressure, distillation curve, aromatic content, and olefin content using ASTM methods. The obtained results were compared with regional standards, Iraqi standards and worldwide standards. The results revealed that the majority of the gasoline samples had greater sulfur content, greater vapour pressure, low Initial Boiling Point (IBP), low distillation temperature at 10% and regular 50% and final boiling points (FBP). In addition, the majority of samples failed to meet all specifications in tests conducted following international, Kurdistan and Iraqi standards. The low quality of gasoline leads to an increase the environmental pollution, increase fire hazards of cars, and destroyed engine cars

Knowledge, Misconceptions and Attitudes towards Labor Regional Analgesia in a University Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Pain relief in labor is considered an important concern in the management of pregnant females in childbirth. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Jordanian females towards various regional analgesic techniques. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey on 652 Jordanian women with a mean age of 32.9 (±8.17). Data collection took place at the gynecological and obstetrics clinics between December, 2017 and September, 2018. Results: Subjects with higher educational levels tend to have better knowledge about regional analgesia (p-value = 0.003), are less likely to ask for general anesthesia (GA) (p < 0.001), and have more previous regional analgesia 47.9% (p < 0.001). Moreover, multiparous women had better knowledge about regional analgesia and higher tendency to ask for it as an efficacious analgesic method during delivery (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, even though higher educational levels and multiparty were significantly associated with better knowledge and acceptance rate of regional analgesia, sources of information about regional analgesia plays an important role, emphasizing on the significant role of anesthesiologists and obstetricians in increasing the awareness levels in our society

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

SummaryBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation