Steady State Simulation of a Delayed Coker Unit

Delayed coking is a form of thermal cracking used for processing "bottom of barrel" residuum. Thermal cracking produces a wide range of hydrocarbons along with coke. Products of the coking process include sour fuel gas, sour liquefied petroleum gas (distillate), naphtha, light coker gas oil (HCGO), and heavy coker gas oil (FZGO). Steady state simulation of a delayed coker unit is the main aim of this project. It is also to study on hypothetical components of each component in the coker residue mixture. Besides that, this project is to explore the iCON simulator since iCON is a new simulator by using refinery oil. Features in iCON will be explored as the fractionator unit is being modeled. The delayed coker unit is a thermal reaction which involves large number of heat and very complex reaction. This project also studied the behavior of the hypothetical components with distillation process

Steady State Simulation of a Delayed Coker Unit

Delayed coking is a form of thermal cracking used for processing "bottom of barrel" residuum. Thermal cracking produces a wide range of hydrocarbons along with coke. Products of the coking process include sour fuel gas, sour liquefied petroleum gas (distillate), naphtha, light coker gas oil (HCGO), and heavy coker gas oil (FZGO). Steady state simulation of a delayed coker unit is the main aim of this project. It is also to study on hypothetical components of each component in the coker residue mixture. Besides that, this project is to explore the iCON simulator since iCON is a new simulator by using refinery oil. Features in iCON will be explored as the fractionator unit is being modeled. The delayed coker unit is a thermal reaction which involves large number of heat and very complex reaction. This project also studied the behavior of the hypothetical components with distillation process

Steady State Simulation of a Delayed Coker Unit

Delayed coking is a form of thermal cracking used for processing "bottom of barrel" residuum. Thermal cracking produces a wide range of hydrocarbons along with coke. Products of the coking process include sour fuel gas, sour liquefied petroleum gas (distillate), naphtha, light coker gas oil (HCGO), and heavy coker gas oil (FZGO). Steady state simulation of a delayed coker unit is the main aim of this project. It is also to study on hypothetical components of each component in the coker residue mixture. Besides that, this project is to explore the iCON simulator since iCON is a new simulator by using refinery oil. Features in iCON will be explored as the fractionator unit is being modeled. The delayed coker unit is a thermal reaction which involves large number of heat and very complex reaction. This project also studied the behavior of the hypothetical components with distillation process

Fast and slow carbonaceous BOD speciation of sewage effluent

The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test has been a long standing test method to quantify the amount of biodegradable organic matter present in a water sample. The test is typically conducted over a 5-day period (BOD5), with the sample being incubated at 20°C. It has been a long standing assumption that over the 5-day period, most of the organic should be stabilized and typically under normal conditions this may be true. Recent developments however have shown that there may significant variation for certain types of wastewater samples where the organic fraction may consists of more slowly biodegradable organics (such as particulate organic carbon) than readily biodegradable organics (dissolved organics). Under such circumstances, the results of the BOD5 test may lead to serious underestimation of the total amount of organics present hence also the pollution strength. This study aims to speciate the two organic fractions under two distinct categories termed slow-BOD and fast-BOD. The speciation is done by filtering the samples(0.12 um) to separate the dissolved and particulates fractions. The results showed there was a distinct variation between the filtered and unfiltered samples, where the amount of organics stabilized within the five day period for the unfiltered sample was approximately 50% of the total BOD measured. After this period the oxygen depletion continued, which in turn was attributed to the slowly biodegradable organics

Dynamic Model-Free and Model-Fitting Kinetic Analysis during Torrefaction of Oil Palm Frond Pellets

Torrefaction is a thermal conversion method extensively used for improving the properties of biomass. Usually this process is conducted within a temperature range of 200-300 °C under an inert atmosphere with residence time up to 60 minutes. This work aimed to study the kinetic of thermal degradation of oil palm frond pellet (OPFP) as solid biofuel for bioenergy production. The kinetics of OPFP during torrefaction was studied using frequently used iso-conversional model fitting (Coats-Redfern (CR)) and integral model-free (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS)) methods in order to provide effective apparent activation energy as a function of conversion. The thermal degradation experiments were conducted at four heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) under non-oxidative atmosphere. The results revealed that thermal decomposition kinetics of OPFP during torrefaction is significantly influenced by the severity of torrefaction temperature. Via Coats-Redfern method, torrefaction degradation reaction mechanism follows that of reaction order with n = 1. The activation energy values were 239.03 kJ/mol and 109.28 kJ/mol based on KAS and CR models, respectively. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Speciation of fast and slow biochemical oxygen demand

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a critical constituent used to measure the strength of organic pollution in water. Although new methodologies for organic quantification such as the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC) tests and respirometry methodology have been introduced, the BOD method for determining organic strength is still preferred by the environmental community, despite its sometimes random and arbitrary results. The BOD test procedure dates back to early part of the 20th century by measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion within a five-day period at a designated incubation temperature (Zainudin, 2008). The DO depletion is attributed to oxygen consumption (BOD) by microbial organisms present in the water column during the stabilization of biodegradable organic matter. This aspect of including the microbial population in the test is a feature not addressed in other modern methods for organic quantification (save perhaps respirometry) and is of significant importance for ambient water quality preservation proceedings, such as in the use of water quality models

E. coli in tropical urban rivers : a case study of the Sungai Gombak basin

The primary study area is Sg. Gombak, a river that flows through the mostly urbanized state of Selangor and transcends the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. The study aims to characterize E. coli, organics and nutrients on the main stem of the river and its tributaries of Sg. Batu and Sg. Kerayong. There were 28 identified spatial sampling stations throughout the basin. The results on the upper reaches of Sg. Gombak showed E. coli levels ranged between 100 – 400 cfu/100mL. The levels increased and remained between 11,000 cfu/100mL to 18,000 cfu/100 mL downstream upon receiving sewage effluent and other pollution sources. This was comparable to Sg. Batu. Conditions were even worse in Sg. Kerayong as E. coli levels were in excess of 140,000 cfu/100 mL. Ambient temperature increase in excess of 30°C with a ∆T rise of 3 to 4°C appeared to result in some decrement of E. coli; at 0.08/°C for Sg. Gombak and 0.20/°C for Sg. Batu, albeit this only occurred at single spatial points in both rivers. Variation in BOD5, NH3-N and NO3-N did not appear to significantly influence bacterial count in the basin. The study results also showed for the water to be deemed suitable for skin contact, a removal efficiency of at least 92% has to be achieved, which in turn, translated to a die-off period of at least two hours

ESl Lecturers’ Voices on Tell Me More

In the past, the cost of computers and courseware greatly restricted the use of computers in education. However, computers and courseware are now becoming important tools for learning in the institutions. In order to maximize the utilization of the courseware, it is important to get to know how the teachers perceive the use of the courseware in their classroom.  Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how ESL lecturers in a polytechnic in Malaysia perceive the ease of use, usefulness and suitability of a courseware named TELL ME MORE.  Data was collected via semi-structured interviews with four ESL lecturers at the polytechnic.  Findings show that ESL lecturers indicated positive perceptions on the ease of use, usefulness and suitability of the courseware.  However, it was found that the courseware is not quite suitable for the teaching and learning of writing.  Key words:  Innovative teaching; CALL; ESL; courseware; language learnin

Knowledge construction process in online learning

One of applications in online learning environment is the use of forum or discussion through online communication facilities as a learning activity. This paper focuses on the process of knowledge construction in online discussion designed to be used with mobile technology. The research participants comprised 45 postgraduate students enrolled in a research methodology course. These participants were involved in the online discussion as one of the mode of delivery for the course. Data were collected through open ended questionnaire to tap into their perceptions about online learning activity through online discussion. They were also asked to do metacognitive reflections to explain step by step on how do they make conclusion on the meaning of a specific concept from the online discussion. Data were analysed using content analysis as the means of analysis. Result of the study shows majority of respondents agreed that online discussion helps the knowledge construction process through critical examinations of other peoples idea in the discussion. Overcoming psychological barriers is one of the important aspects offered by online environment that facilitate students involvement in constructing knowledge as compared to face to face discussion. Further analysis on the learning process revealed pattern of steps used by the students in constructing the meaning through the discussion process