The antibacterial activities and chemical composition of extracts from Carica papaya cv. Sekaki/Hong Kong seed

Ten solvents were used to extract phytochemicals from the peel of Carica papaya cv. Sekaki/Hong Kong to evaluate antibacterial activities and determine chemical composition of Carica papaya cv. Sekaki/Hong Kong seeds. The antibacterial activities of ten solvent extracts were tested against 14 microorganisms vis Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis using disk diffusion test (DDT). The Carica papaya seed of ACN and MeOH extracts inhibited 11 microorganisms, indicating their broad spectrum activity. The disk diffusion test exhibited moderate and clear inhibition on C. diphtheria, S. pneumonia, B. subtilis and C. perfringens. MeOH extract inhibited S. enteritidis, V. vulnificus, P. mirabilis and B. cereus with the lowest MIC at 11.25 mg/mL each, thus was chosen as the best extract. The hierarchy of extract potency can be ranked as MeOH > acetone > ACN > CHCL3 > hexane > DE = PE > EtOH > DCM based on clear and moderate inhibition and the lowest MIC. TPC and TFC of the extracts ranged between 4.83 to 22.59 mg GAE/g DW and 1.32 (water) and 17.15 mg QE/g DW respectively. The GC/MS analysis of MeOH extract identified potential antibacterial compounds such as isothiocyanatomethyl benzene, 9-octadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and β-sitosterol. The Carica papaya seed cv. Sekaki/ Hong Kong possessed significant antibacterial activities when extracted by different solvents in particular MeOH solvent

Variable Gain Type PID Control Using PSO for Ultrasonic Motor

Ultrasonic motor exhibits non-linearity that relates the input (Phase difference) and output (Velocity). It also causes serious characteristic changes during operation. PID control has been widely used as the design scheme for USM. However, it is difficult for the conventional PID control to compensate such characteristic changes of the plant and non-linearity. To overcome this problem, we propose a variable gain type PID control in which PID gains are optimized using a particle swarm optimization (PSO)

Cytotoxicity effects of extracts and essential oil of kaempferia galanga on cervical cancer C33A cell line

The cytotoxicity properties of Kaempferia galanga extracts were studied. Crude extracts of the rhizome were obtained by extraction with methanol (KGM), petroleum ether (KGPE) and ethyl acetate (KGEA). Meanwhile, the essential oil (KGEO) was produced by steam distillation method. The aim of the present work was to screen the cytotoxic activity of K. galanga extracts and essential oil on cervical cancer C33A cell line. The cytotoxic activities were assessed on C33A cell line using MTT and scratch assays. Results of MTT assay showed that KGEA and KGM were the most cytotoxic at 1000 μg mL-1 with cell viabilities of 11 and 14 %, respectively. Lower cytotoxic activities were shown by KGPE and KGEO with 64 and 88 % cell viability, respectively. Meanwhile, KGEA was slightly cytotoxic at concentration of 500 μg mL-1 with cell viability of 70 %. However, all the extracts were able to inhibit or at least slow down cell growth when tested using the scratch assay. It can be concluded that K. galanga seems to have cytotoxic properties and may be used as an anticancer agent

Adolescent to Adolescent Transformation Program- Nurturing, Enhancing and Promoting Adolescents’ Healthy Habit (ATAP-NEPAH): Curbing Social Problems Among Adolescents in Kelantan Through Peer-To-Peer Health Education

The objectives of ATAP-NEPAH are to enhance and nurture healthy habits among adolescents as well as to empower adolescents in inculcating these healthy habits among them. Health education through peer-to-peer approach is used to instill the knowledge on important areas such as sexual and reproductive health, smoking, substance abuse, illegal street racing (rempit) and mental health. Specific modules were developed by experts (lecturers) in multidisciplinary fields in collaboration with Malaysian Association for Adolescent Health (MAAH), National Population and Family Development Board (NPFDB), Reproductive Health Association of Kelantan (REHAK) and Rhaudatus Sakinah Kelantan. The trained Medical Students Facilitator Team (MSFT) of USM became trainers to secondary one school students. The selected school students were trained by the medical students to become peer educators to their juniors and peers. There was improvement in the readiness level of peer educators, knowledge and attitude towards healthy habits and risky behaviors of other school students after the intervention

Rancang Bangun Prototipe Manipulator Lengan Robot Menggunakan Motor Servo Berbasis Mikrokontroler

Dalam dunia industri saat ini banyak produk yang dihasilkan secara massal yang dituntut untuk memiliki ketelitian yang tinggi, agar menjaga kualitas produk yang dihasilkan, maka diperlukanlah suatu alat yang dapat mendukung kinerja di bidang industri dan lengan robot merupakan salah satu jenis robot yang banyak digunakan terutama pada industri otomotif dan elektronik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk merancang prototipe manipulator lengan robot berbasis Mikrokontroller dan untuk mengetahui serta memahami prinsip kerja lengan robot yang banyak digunakan dalam dunia industri. Hasil dari penelitian ini, yaitu prototipe manipulator lengan robot 4 dof ini dapat dikendalikan dengan potensiometer, apabila input potensiometer pada manipulator lengan robot 4 dof dalam keadaan aktif, maka lengan robot siap menerima perintah dari potensiometer. Prototipe manipulator lengan robot ini berfungsi dengan baik berdasarkan kinerja lengan robot yang mampu mengangkat dan memindahkan beban dengan berat maksimal 140 gram. Adapun prinsip kerja dari prototipe manipulator lengan robot, yaitu potensoimeter sebagai alat kontrol untuk menggerakkan lengan robot, kemudian LCD akan menampilkan status di setiap perputaran dan pergerakan robot dalam bentuk derajat

The impact of transmission loss component on transmission cost recovery in pool electricity markets

This paper proposes a DC based pricing scheme for transmission cost recovery for pool electricity markets. The scheme uses Generalized Generation Distribution factors (GGDFs) for allocating the utilization of the grid by different transmission users. The same factors are utilized for allocating transmission losses among the market’s participants. The proposed pricing scheme is tested on 5-bus and IEEE 14-bus systems and compared with Ireland’s pricing scheme that has adopted the DC lossless Transmission Use of System Charge (TUoSC). The proposed DC approach is validated with AC Z-bus Distribution Factors (ZBDF). Results show that the proposed scheme provides sensible signals for transmission system users relieving the transmission network. The merit of the proposed scheme over the Irish one lies on rewarding users for reducing the transmission system losses

Assessment of transmission loss allocation algorithms in deregulated power system

In most of the competitive electric pool markets worldwide, transmission losses are not included in transmission use of system charge. Thus, the charge levied to transmission users is based solely on DC power flow regardless the amount of power losses the users cause in the transmission grid. This allocation of transmission losses is significant for the transmission owner as well as it could help reducing location al charge for the user creating counter flow to relieve the transmission network. This paper focuses on the analysis of the performance of different loss allocation methods for pool-based electricity market. The study is based on: pro-rata; proportional sharing; Z-bus; modified nodal equation; current adjustment factors, incremental loss (ITL) and Loss Utilization Factor (LUF) method. Case studies based on a simple 5-bus and IEEE 14-bus systems are used to show the capability of different loss allocation algorithms in allocating losses to the transmission users