Health Benefits, Chemistry and Mechanism of Carica Papaya a Crowning Glory

AbstractMini review article highlights about the health benefits, chemistry and mechanism of papaya. Fruit and vegetables cannot be equated to that promised by nutritional pills and supplements. Nutrition experts advocate generous intake of fruits for optimum health as these food items are loaded with all the benefits. Especially papaya fruits is goldmine of vitamins C, E, K, minerals and fiber and ideal to consume at least 4-5 servings in a day. Since they are in natural form, account for largest part of water and 100% bad cholesterol free, it’s much easier for the body to process and absorb the vitamins and minerals from the fresh fruit. The chemical action of acyltransferase is studied which is extracted from ripened papaya fruit and then benzyl alcohol is acylated to give benzylacetate

Mini Review: Recent Green Advances on the Preparation of V₂O₅, ZnO, and NiO Nanosheets

The past decade has seen a surge in the development of research on nanomaterial in the area of mixed metal oxides to fabricate ultrathin films, also known as nanosheets. In this review, different fabrication techniques of metal oxide nanosheets, such as vanadium, nickel, and zinc oxide, are presented. The chapter has also highlighted different ways of how to create smaller, affordable, lighter, and faster devices using vanadium, nickel, and zinc oxides. A detailed description of the synthesis and characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) for various shapes of nanomaterials is discussed in detail including factors that influence the orientation of nanosheets

A Green Protocol for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds Comparative Studies with Various Ni Heterogeneous Catalysts with O2 and H2O2 as Oxidants.

The mini article highlights the versatility of Ni-Al hydrotalcite (HT) catalysts using molecular oxygen as oxidant compared to Ni/SiO2, Ni and other catalysts reported for oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds. Among the catalysts reported in literature to date, Ni-Al HT is the best catalysts suited for molecular oxygen initiated oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds. Benzylic alcohols, substitute benzylic, allylic, ?-ketols and substituted cinnamyl alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes and ketones. Ni in association with oxide of aluminium is the active precursor for the title reaction and Ni-Al HT catalysts was characterized by TPR, XRD, IR, and DSC. Ni/SiO2 also exhibited some activity for oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds with 30% H2O2 as oxidant, whereas, Ni/TiO2 did not exhibit activity for the title reaction which is due to uneven distribution of Ni on TiO2 surface. Hence, from these results, it is evident that Ni hydrotalcite catalysts with molecular oxygen is the active catalysts for alcohol oxidation to carbonyl compounds which have valuable applications in fine chemical industry and academia

An Efficient Method for The Synthesis of Dihydropyridine by Hantzsch Reaction with Fe/SiO2 Nano Heterogeneous Catalysts

An efficient method for the synthesis of dihydropyridines (DHPs) by Hantzsch reaction with Fe/SiO2 heterogeneous catalysts was developed. The Fe/SiO2 catalysts was prepared by impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by IR and SEM instruments. The SEM results indicated that Fe/SiO2 nano spheres were formed. The reaction procedure involved reaction of aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate (EAA), ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and ethanol under reflux. The study was focused on optimizing reactions conditions: Standardization of catalyst, substrate of study and solvent study. In order to identify the best active catalysts, five different ratios of catalyst were synthesized and evaluated for the title reaction under similar conditions. To standardize the active catalysts, different temperature conditions (i.e. room temperature, 60 ºC and 80 ºC) as well as catalysts amounts were evaluated. Under these established conditions, 2.5% Fe/SiO2 was the best active catalysts that resulted. Benzaldehyde and p-anisaldehyde were used to study the effect of having various substrates on the conversion and reaction time, especially the substituted aldehydes. The best results were obtained by reacting p-anisaldehyde with EAA, NH4OAc and ethanol at 60 ºC with 0.3 grams of 2.5% Fe/SiO2 heterogeneous catalysts. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) monitoring of the reaction mixture showed no selectivity at high temperatures (80 ºC) with 15% Fe/SiO2. Standardization of solvent study was executed with two solvents, ethanol and acetonitrile. The product dihydropyridines were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The melting points of the products were compared with authentic samples reported in the literature. Hence, the Fe/SiO2 catalysts is eco-friendly and economically developed for the title reaction. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

MgAICO3-HT catalyzed ring opening of oxiranes with TMSN3

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Aging Mechanisms: Linking oxidative stress, obesity and inflammation

Aging cannot be defeated in anyway in the world even having new and advanced technology. But molecular mechanism is a successful method to control aging. Many complex and multifunctional factors are the main cause of aging. It is evident that the studies regarding cellular, genetic, and pathological and biochemical changes are exploring more and more pathways linking various diverse mechanism explaining aging. Implications of basic mechanisms of aging for improving both longevity and quality of life in human needs a clear understanding and takes a long time. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicate a growing body even in the presence of fundamental mechanisms. According to oxidative stress theory, advanced and permanent addition of oxidative damage on critical aspects of aging process instigated by ROS influences. Telomeres theory is another, new aging theory that holds many promising possibilities for the field of anti-aging medicine. The theory was originated from the surge of technological breakthroughs in genetics and genetic engineering. Telomeres have also been found related to obesity. Obesity also leads to accelerated cellular processes. A “causative agent in aging” is considered inflammation that underlies a mechanism showing that for survival acute inflammatory response is necessary but long term exposure to different antigens than predicted by evolution cause low-grade inflammatory status which intern contributes to age-associated illness and death. The condition known as “inflammaging”

Changes in the spatial distribution of COVID-19 incidence in Italy using GIS-based maps

Massive spreading of the pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in different continents [1, 2], have been observed. Analyses mostly focused on the number of cases per country and administrative levels, multiple times without considering the relevance of the incidence rates. These help to see the concentration of disease among the population in terms of cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Even more using geographical information systems (GIS)-based maps stakeholder may rapidly analyze changes in the epidemiological situation [3, 4]. Although the epidemic of COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in Italy on January 31, 2020, no reports on the use of GIS-based maps have been published to analyze the distinct differences in incidence rates across its regions and provinces during the last months. For these reasons, we have developed epidemiological maps of incidence rates using official populations, by regions and provinces, for COVID-19 in Italy using GIS.N/

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetone to Isopropanol: An Environmentally Benign Approach

The catalytic hydrogenation of acetone is an important area of catalytic process to produce fine chemicals. Hydrogenation of acetone has important applications for heat pumps, fuel cells or in fulfilling the sizeable demand for the production of 2-propanol. Catalytic vapour phase hydrogenation of acetone has gained attention over the decades with variety of homogeneous catalysts notably Iridium, Rh, Ru complexes and heterogeneous catalysts comprising of Raney Nickel, Raney Sponge, Ni/Al2O3, Ni/SiO2, or Co-Al2O3, Pd, Rh, Ru, Re, or Fe/Al2O3 supported on SiO2 or MgO) and even CoMgAl, NiMg Al layered double hydroxide, Cu metal, CuO, Cu2O. Nano catalysts are developed for actone reduction Ni maleate, cobalt oxide prepared in organic solvents. Author present a review on acetone hydrogenation under different conditions with various homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts studied so far in literature and new strategies to develop economic and environmentally benign approach. ©2010 BCREC UNDIP. All rights reserved(Received: 16th June 2010, Revised: 18th October 2010; Accepted: 25th October 2010)[How to Cite:Ateeq Rahman. (2010). Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetone to Isopropanol: An Environmentally Benign Approach. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, 5(2): 113-126. doi:10.9767/bcrec.5.2.798.113-126][DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.5.2.798.113-126 || or local:  http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/798 ]</p

Management of small mines

The main objectives of this thesis can be expressed as follows: (i) To prove the importance of small-scale mining to the society and economy of a country, (ii) Why and how to manage a small mine by using different approaches, Small mines play an important role in the socio-economic system of a country. They also provide employment to the people of remote and backwaard areas. A Small scale mining industry, like tourism, is a major source of income in many countries around the world and can be a good source of foreign exchange. Historically, most large mines started on a small basis which indicates that many major ore deposits are discovered by small mining companies. Due to the importance of small-scale mining, it is not possible to ignore this important sector of the industry. It appears that majority of small mining units are malfunctioning due to a lack of proper and experienced management and due to which they receive less attention from governments and various mining agencies throughtout the world. But, if small mine reserves are exploited properly, many areas in the globe can become prosperous and self sufficient. The main objective of conducting this research was to identify the problems faced by small-scale mining operations and suggesting probable solutions. The research by the author indicates that in various countries very little work has been done on the management of small mines Although attention was focussed on the small mining industry in the Asia-Pacific region it has been attempted seriously to cite a few examples from other countries such as India, Canada, and the US, where the small mining industry industry plays a significant role in the economy, to prove its importance. Since, no experimental work was involved due to the nature of the project the attention was focused on a desktop study. It was also decided to emphasise small gold mines due to its importance and high unit value in the world market . The information collected during the process of this research showed that the areas like mine finance, infrastructure, cost analysis, exploration, mme investment analysis, and different mining and processing methods should be addressed. The author believes that further research should be carried out,in such areas as computer application, central milling facilities, labour training and education programs. The author also believes that an owner of a small gold mine should be properly informed by the state authorities and I or different mining agencies regarding pricing mechanisms