Sintesis Absolut Asimetrik Baru

New absolute asymmetric syntheses have been found. Eugenol based-acetylenes monomers have been synthesized, corresponding three compounds and one unknown compound. Two compounds are crystal chiral (1 and 2) and one (3) not. Polymerization of chiral crystal and not were different although the structure is same. After recrystalization polymerization of 1 and 2 compare with 3 also different. This is one example of new absolute asymmetric synthesis

Pemanfaatan Santan Instan Kadaluarsa Untuk Produksi Minyak Secara Fermentasi

This research use the expired instant coconut milk for 2 months. The goal is to find out whether the coconut milk can be used to produce oil. The method does is with variation of the total number of laru 0,5 mL oil; 0,75 mL; 1 mL; 1,25 mL; and 1,50 mL by volume per volume (v/v). the fermentation time and 18 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, and 36 minutes. Results of the study that the amount of oil the oil laru yield the highest oil is 1,50 mL with 28% yield and fermentation time of 30 hours, while the lowest was at the time of fermentation 18 hours i.e. 15%

The Genomes of the Fungal Plant Pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Dothistroma septosporum Reveal Adaptation to Different Hosts and Lifestyles But Also Signatures of Common Ancestry.

We sequenced and compared the genomes of the Dothideomycete fungal plant pathogensCladosporium fulvum (Cfu) (syn. Passalora fulva) and Dothistroma septosporum (Dse) that are closely related phylogenetically, but have different lifestyles and hosts. Although both fungi grow extracellularly in close contact with host mesophyll cells, Cfu is a biotroph infecting tomato, while Dse is a hemibiotroph infecting pine. The genomes of these fungi have a similar set of genes (70% of gene content in both genomes are homologs), but differ significantly in size (Cfu \u3e61.1-Mb; Dse 31.2-Mb), which is mainly due to the difference in repeat content (47.2% in Cfu versus 3.2% in Dse). Recent adaptation to different lifestyles and hosts is suggested by diverged sets of genes. Cfu contains an α-tomatinase gene that we predict might be required for detoxification of tomatine, while this gene is absent in Dse. Many genes encoding secreted proteins are unique to each species and the repeat-rich areas in Cfu are enriched for these species-specific genes. In contrast, conserved genes suggest common host ancestry. Homologs of Cfu effector genes, including Ecp2 and Avr4, are present in Dse and induce a Cf-Ecp2- and Cf-4-mediated hypersensitive response, respectively. Strikingly, genes involved in production of the toxin dothistromin, a likely virulence factor for Dse, are conserved in Cfu, but their expression differs markedly with essentially no expression by Cfu in planta. Likewise, Cfu has a carbohydrate-degrading enzyme catalog that is more similar to that of necrotrophs or hemibiotrophs and a larger pectinolytic gene arsenal than Dse, but many of these genes are not expressed in planta or are pseudogenized. Overall, comparison of their genomes suggests that these closely related plant pathogens had a common ancestral host but since adapted to different hosts and lifestyles by a combination of differentiated gene content, pseudogenization, and gene regulation

Correction: The Genomes of the Fungal Plant Pathogens <i>Cladosporium fulvum</i> and <i>Dothistroma septosporum</i> Reveal Adaptation to Different Hosts and Lifestyles But Also Signatures of Common Ancestry

<p>Correction: The Genomes of the Fungal Plant Pathogens <i>Cladosporium fulvum</i> and <i>Dothistroma septosporum</i> Reveal Adaptation to Different Hosts and Lifestyles But Also Signatures of Common Ancestry</p

Syntenic and non-syntenic regions between <i>C. fulvum</i> and <i>D. septosporum</i> are unevenly distributed over the <i>C. fulvum</i> scaffolds.

a<p>Number of repeat regions on syntenic vs. non-syntenic scaffolds.</p>b<p>A syntenic scaffold is one that contains at least a single syntenic block, but may not be syntenic along its entire length. Total syntenic scaffold size (37.4-Mb) is therefore larger than total syntenic size in whole genome (22.3-Mb).</p>c<p>Summed repeat length on syntenic <i>versus</i> non-syntenic scaffolds.</p

Repetitive regions flanking known effectors of <i>Cladosporium fulvum</i>.

<p>Scaffolds harboring sequenced <i>C. fulvum</i> effector genes with flanking repeats. Repeat regions longer than 200-bp are shown, with different types indicated in different color code. Red arrows depict the effector genes and sizes are in kb. The sizes of scaffolds range from 8 to 213-kb but some are shortened to fit the figure due to differences in size.</p

Arrangement of predicted dothistromin genes in <i>Dothistroma septosporum</i> and <i>Cladosporium fulvum</i>.

<p>A) Predicted dothistromin genes within the labeled clusters (left to right) are: <i>Ver1, DotC</i> (<i>Ver1</i> cluster); <i>PksA, CypX, AvfA, MoxY</i> (<i>PksA</i> cluster); <i>AflR, AflJ</i> (<i>AflR/J</i> cluster); <i>OrdB</i>, <i>AvnA, HexB, HexA, HypC, VbsA</i> (<i>VbsA</i> cluster); <i>Nor1, AdhA, VerB</i> (<i>Nor1</i> cluster). Positions of mini-clusters are approximate and they are not drawn to scale. Dothistromin genes within the published <i>D. septosporum PksA</i> and <i>VbsA</i> clusters <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003088#pgen.1003088-Bradshaw3" target="_blank">[36]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003088#pgen.1003088-Zhang1" target="_blank">[38]</a> and the newly discovered <i>AflR/J</i> and <i>Nor-1</i> clusters are found in the same order and orientation in <i>C. fulvum</i>. B) Expression of dothistromin biosynthetic genes (<i>Ver1, PksA, VbsA</i>) and regulatory gene (<i>AflR</i>) was determined in <i>D. septosporum</i> by quantitative PCR. Mean expression and standard deviations are shown for at least 3 biological replicates relative to β-tubulin expression. In <i>D. septosporum</i> all genes but <i>DsVbsA</i> are expressed more highly <i>in planta</i> (late-stage sporulating lesions from a forest sample) than in culture (PDB or B5 media) as highlighted by the dashed-grey line. C) Expression of <i>C. fulvum</i> genes is shown as for (B), revealing that expression is not higher during tomato infection than in culture (dashed-grey line). Note the different scales for expression, which reveal a much lower level of transcription both <i>in planta</i> and in PDB medium compared to <i>D. septosporum</i>.</p