Techno-economic Analysis on the Production of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles by Precipitation Assisted Ultrasonic Radiation Method

Zinc sulfide is a material that has many uses in various fields. Zinc sulfide is deriving from the mineral sphalerite. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of producing zinc sulfide from zinc acetate and sodium sulfide using the precipitation-assisted ultrasonic radiation method. This method is the most efficient method for the synthesis of zinc sulfide nanoparticles, because it does not take much time and the resulting product is high. The evaluation was done from the engineering and economic perspectives. The feasibility analysis method from the engineering perspective was done by designing the initial production design on a large scale, whereas the analysis from an economic perspective was done by calculating various economic parameters, that is Gross Profit Margin, Cumulative Net Present Value, Internal Rate Return, Payback Period, Break Event Point, and Profitability Index. The engineering perspective showed that the production of zinc sulfide nanoparticles can be done on a large scale due to the commercial availability of materials and tools. Based on the economic evaluation, the production of zinc sulfide nanoparticles by precipitation-assisted ultrasonic method is ideal for an industrial scale. Earned increased profits over 20 years, the payback on investment costs lasted only two years. We hope that this study can provide references to readers, industry, and researchers regarding the feasibility analysis of the production of zinc sulfide nanoparticles using the precipitation-assisted ultrasonic radiation method

Heat Exchanger Design for Producing ZnO Nanoparticles using Pomegranate Fruit Peels Extract

The purpose of this study is to design a shell and tube-type heat exchanger for application in producing ZnO nanoparticles using pomegranate fruit peel extract on an industrial scale. The designed heat exchanger has specifications for a shell length of 4,2672 m, a shell diameter of 0,2690 m, an outer tube diameter of 0,0317 m, and a thickness of 0,0021 m. The Microsoft Excel application is used for manual calculations. The results show that the designed shell and tube-type heat exchanger has an effectiveness value of 81,1944%. This value indicates that the heat exchanger designed to produce these ZnO nanoparticles has a good performance. Hopefully, this research can be used as a reference in designing heat exchangers to be more effective, economical, and highly reliable in production activities.

Influences of solvent types on the formation of graphene in the electrochemical exfoliation method

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different solvents in sonication process on the formation of graphene from the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite. In short, graphite rod was exfoliated by electrochemical process with ammonium sulfate as saltelectrolyte. The exfoliated powder then sonicated under two different solvents, which are Dimethylformamide (DMF) and aqueous solution to form graphene. It was found that similar structure of graphene was obtained from both types of solvent. However, the amount of graphene produced was different due to the differences in graphene stability. Graphene is more stable in DMF solvents compared to the aqueous solution. The aqueous solution can allow the reversible reaction that can reform graphite oxide from graphene due to the existence of hydroxyl component in the aqueous solutio

Literature Review: Fabrication Method, Characterization, Performance, and Application of Cassava Peel as Bio-Coagulant for Wastewater Treatment

The purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review to determine the understanding of current research on the use of Cassava Peel (CP) in the field of wastewater treatment, especially as a coagulant. This study reports on the types of coagulant modification of CP, coagulants characterization of CP for each modification, coagulants performance of CP under various conditions, and various applications of CP coagulant for wastewater treatment. This literature study takes references from 51 articles from the period 2011-2022. We mapped each article used and visualized it using the VOS viewer to find out the relationship between topics and absorption capacity in terms of article titles and keywords. From the results of a literature review study, CP is an attractive option and has the potential to be used as a natural coagulant or adsorbent to remove pollutants (such as dyes and turbidity) in wastewater treatment. The results of this study are expected to provide benefits and ideas for utilizing agricultural waste such as CP to become an economically efficient material.   Keywords: Adsorbent, Agricultural waste, Cassava peel, Economical coagulant, VOS viewer, Water treatment

Techno-economic Evaluation of Biodiesel Production from Edible Oil Waste via Supercritical Methyl Acetate Transesterification

This study aimed to assess the economic and engineering feasibility of a large-scale biodiesel manufacturing operation from edible oil waste. The edible oil model used for economic analysis in this study is palm oil waste.  Several economic parameters (i.e., gross profit margin (GPM), payback period (PBP), break-even point (BEP), cumulative net present value (CNPV), profitability index (PI)), and internal rate return (IRR) were examined to inform the potential production of biodiesel from edible oil waste in ideal condition. To confirm the feasibility of a manufacturing project, the project is estimated from ideal to worst-case conditions in production activities such as analysis of changing raw material, labor, tax, utility, and selling price costs. Based on an engineering perspective, the result indicated that biodiesel production from edible and non-edible oil is feasible. From an economic perspective, economic analysis shows that biodiesel production from edible oil waste is promising because the economic parameters as analyzed show positive results. Our findings are expected to provide an industrial-scale picture of economic evaluation and layout, particularly in the production of biodiesel, which is commonly used as a renewable energy source for fuel in trucks, trains, ships, and barges