GalNAc/Gal-Binding Rhizoctonia solani Agglutinin Has Antiproliferative Activity in Drosophila melanogaster S2 Cells via MAPK and JAK/STAT Signaling

Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin, further referred to as RSA, is a lectin isolated from the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Previously, we reported a high entomotoxic activity of RSA towards the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. To better understand the mechanism of action of RSA, Drosophila melanogaster Schneider S2 cells were treated with different concentrations of the lectin and FITC-labeled RSA binding was examined using confocal fluorescence microscopy. RSA has antiproliferative activity with a median effect concentration (EC50) of 0.35 µM. In addition, the lectin was typically bound to the cell surface but not internalized. In contrast, the N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectin WGA and the galactose-binding lectin PNA, which were both also inhibitory for S2 cell proliferation, were internalized whereas the mannose-binding lectin GNA did not show any activity on these cells, although it was internalized. Extracted DNA and nuclei from S2 cells treated with RSA were not different from untreated cells, confirming inhibition of proliferation without apoptosis. Pre-incubation of RSA with N-acetylgalactosamine clearly inhibited the antiproliferative activity by RSA in S2 cells, demonstrating the importance of carbohydrate binding. Similarly, the use of MEK and JAK inhibitors reduced the activity of RSA. Finally, RSA affinity chromatography of membrane proteins from S2 cells allowed the identification of several cell surface receptors involved in both signaling transduction pathways

Current treatment options for recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer

Loco-regional control rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has improved significantly in the past decade. However, local recurrence still represents a major cause of mortality and morbidity in advanced stages, and management of local failure remains a challenging issue in NPC. The best salvage treatment for local recurrent NPC remains to be determined. The options include brachytherapy, external radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and nasopharyngectomy, either alone or in different combinations. In this article we will discuss the different options for salvage of locally recurrent NPC. Retreatment of locally recurrent NPC using radiotherapy, alone or in combination with other treatment modalities, as well as surgery, can result in long-term local control and survival in a substantial proportion of patients. For small-volume recurrent tumors (T1–T2) treated with external radiotherapy, brachytherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery, comparable results to those obtained with surgery have been reported. In contrast, treatment results of advanced-stage locally recurrent NPC are generally more satisfactory with surgery (with or without postoperative radiotherapy) than with reirradiation

Twelve-month observational study of children with cancer in 41 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction Childhood cancer is a leading cause of death. It is unclear whether the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted childhood cancer mortality. In this study, we aimed to establish all-cause mortality rates for childhood cancers during the COVID-19 pandemic and determine the factors associated with mortality. Methods Prospective cohort study in 109 institutions in 41 countries. Inclusion criteria: children <18 years who were newly diagnosed with or undergoing active treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, retinoblastoma, Wilms tumour, glioma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma. Of 2327 cases, 2118 patients were included in the study. The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality at 30 days, 90 days and 12 months. Results All-cause mortality was 3.4% (n=71/2084) at 30-day follow-up, 5.7% (n=113/1969) at 90-day follow-up and 13.0% (n=206/1581) at 12-month follow-up. The median time from diagnosis to multidisciplinary team (MDT) plan was longest in low-income countries (7 days, IQR 3-11). Multivariable analysis revealed several factors associated with 12-month mortality, including low-income (OR 6.99 (95% CI 2.49 to 19.68); p<0.001), lower middle income (OR 3.32 (95% CI 1.96 to 5.61); p<0.001) and upper middle income (OR 3.49 (95% CI 2.02 to 6.03); p<0.001) country status and chemotherapy (OR 0.55 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.86); p=0.008) and immunotherapy (OR 0.27 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.91); p=0.035) within 30 days from MDT plan. Multivariable analysis revealed laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 5.33 (95% CI 1.19 to 23.84); p=0.029) was associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusions Children with cancer are more likely to die within 30 days if infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, timely treatment reduced odds of death. This report provides crucial information to balance the benefits of providing anticancer therapy against the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with cancer

The Drosophila melanogaster host model

The deleterious and sometimes fatal outcomes of bacterial infectious diseases are the net result of the interactions between the pathogen and the host, and the genetically tractable fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has emerged as a valuable tool for modeling the pathogen–host interactions of a wide variety of bacteria. These studies have revealed that there is a remarkable conservation of bacterial pathogenesis and host defence mechanisms between higher host organisms and Drosophila. This review presents an in-depth discussion of the Drosophila immune response, the Drosophila killing model, and the use of the model to examine bacterial–host interactions. The recent introduction of the Drosophila model into the oral microbiology field is discussed, specifically the use of the model to examine Porphyromonas gingivalis–host interactions, and finally the potential uses of this powerful model system to further elucidate oral bacterial-host interactions are addressed

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

A nonlinear finite element analysis of horizontal elastomerics of revolution

A nonlinear composite finite element analysis of layered elastomeric, initially flat, solids of revolution is presented. The analysis has much lower computational cost compared to discrete or three-dimensional composite analyses. The nonlinearities of the presented theory include large displacements of stiff layers and large displacements and deformations of flexible layers along with the nonlinear material behavior of flexible layers. The finite element technique is; based on the minimum potential energy concept and the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the resulting nonlinear equation. After the verification of the thoery, a parameter study involving the ratio between the thickness of stiff and flexible layers is presented

The effect of supplemental irrigation in five chickpea varieties under Mediterranean conditions. Field evaluation and modelling study.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important pulse crops in the world, cultivated on a wide range of environments. In Mediterranean regions, it is traditionally grown as a spring sown rainfed crop, thus very dependent on rainfall. Supplemental irrigation can sometimes be a strategy to overcome the deficiency in rainfall, especially in very dry years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on crop yield and water productivity (WP) with the use of supplemental irrigation in both dry and wet years. Field tests were carried out over two cropping seasons, in Southern Portugal, using three kabuli type and two desi type chickpea varieties, and four irrigation treatments, corresponding to full (100%) crop irrigation requirements (IR), 50 % of IR, 25 % of IR and rainfed. Crop physiological parameters were measured during the cropping season in order to evaluate crop development. Results showed that all chickpea varieties had a positive response to supplemental irrigation, with a significant increase in the number of pods, seeds and the weight of the seeds, leading to higher grain and above ground biomass yields. The Elixir variety showed the best results in grain and biomass yield as well as harvest index and water productivity. In 2009, a dry year, the highest WP values were achieved at the 50% IR treatment. In 2010, due to heavy rain, crop sowing had to be delayed. This shortened the crop growth cycle, affecting crop growth and yield, leading to lower yield values and higher WP values in the rainfed treatment. Field data was used in the SALTMED model to evaluate the capabilities of the model to simulate chickpea yield in these conditions. It was possible to verify that the calibration of the model using a single chickpea variety was enough to simulate the other varieties. The results of the calibration and validation of the model, recently published in Silva et al. (2012), showed that, providing enough and reliable data, the model can simulate very accurately grain yield and total dry mass of different chickpea varieties with supplemental irrigation, in both wet and dry year conditions

SALTMED model. Part II: Model Application

The SALTMED model has been successfully calibrated and validated in several countries. This paper will show some exemples from Italy, Portugal and Morocco. Field experiments covered full and deficit irrigation, different water qualities: rainfed, irrigation with fresh, saline and waste water, diferente crops: Amaranth, chickpea, quinoa and sweet corn, different levels of water stresses, different soil types, different fertilizer applications and different irrigation systems. The model successfully simulated the soil moisture at different depths, the dry matter and yield under all conditions. The SALTMED model successfully simulated soil moisture, dry matter and yield of Amaranth, quinoa, chickpea and sweet corn in different countries with different climatic conditions, different soils, different irrigation water strategies and water qualities. The model was able to respond to such diferences and show diferences among treatments and even among C3 and C4 crops. This is a good indication that the model is a good tool for management and for generic application