EVALUACIÓN DE AC. GIBERELICO, AC. INDOLACETICO, KINETINA COMO BIOESTIMULANTES EN BIOLES PRODUCIDOS POR DIGESTIÓN ANAEROBIA DE RESIDUOS VEGETALES DE ALCACHOFA, BRÓCOLI Y ESPÁRRAGO CON LICOR RUMINAL DE LLAMA (LAMA GLAMA) Y VACUNO (BOS PRIMIGENIUS TAURUS) MEDIANTE LA TÉCNICA DE HPLC.

RESIDUOS VEGETALES ALCACHOFA BRÓCOLI ESPARRAGO ABONOS ORGÁNICOS BIOESTIMULANTES ACIDO GIBERELICO KINETINA ACIDO INDOLACETICO TÉCNICAS DE DETERMINACIÓN DE BIOESTIMULANTES HPLC DEGRADACIÓN DE RESIDUOS ORGÁNICOS BIODIGESTORES BIOL USOS DEL BIOL TIPOS DE BIOL FUENTE MICROBIANA PERSPECTIVAS FUTURA

Cross-Species Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Divergence of the Primate Microglia Program

Summary Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, are critically involved in many physiological and pathological brain processes, including neurodegeneration. Here we characterize microglia morphology and transcriptional programs across ten species spanning more than 450 million years of evolution. We find that microglia express a conserved core gene program of orthologous genes from rodents to humans, including ligands and receptors associated with interactions between glia and neurons. In most species, microglia show a single dominant transcriptional state, whereas human microglia display significant heterogeneity. In addition, we observed notable differences in several gene modules of rodents compared with primate microglia, including complement, phagocytic, and susceptibility genes to neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Our study provides an essential resource of conserved and divergent microglia pathways across evolution, with important implications for future development of microglia-based therapies in humans

Involment of ALK4/5 signaling in the crosstalk between neurons and microglial cells in the leech Hirudo medicinalis

Dans le système nerveux central (SNC), toutes les activités neuronales sont sous l’influence des cellules gliales environnantes, incluant notamment les cellules microgliales. Ces cellules immunitaires résidentes du SNC régulent l’état neuroinflammatoire, si important dans les maladies neurodégénératives. Dans la microglie, les récepteurs du TGF-β de type I (ALK5) et de type II ont récemment été décrits comme une signature spécifique par rapport aux macrophages méningés ou infiltrants depuis le sang, permettant la maintenance/maturation de la microglie. Ces récepteurs sont également utilisés par les neurones en développement sous l'influence de membres de la famille TGF-β, incluant plusieurs GDFs (facteurs de croissance et de différenciation). C’est pourquoi, cette signalisation ALK4/5 a été étudiée dans le dialogue entre cellules microgliales et neurones chez la sangsue H. medicinalis. La sangsue médicinale est un modèle de neurobiologie qui, par sa structure nerveuse intéressante, offre la possibilité d’étudier les interactions entre sous-populations microgliales et neurones. Les résultats ont montré que les neurones et la microglie utilisent tous les deux la signalisation ALK4/5 dépendamment d’un membre de la famille TGF-β, appelé nGDF, pour maintenir des échanges mutuels après une lésion axonale. En effet, une libération neuronale immédiate de nGDF après une blessure axonale permet le recrutement précoce de microglie ALK4/5+ au point de la lésion tandis que, plus tardivement, la production de nGDF dans des cellules microgliales active de façon paracrine les neurones ALK4/5+. Ce second temps de dialogue permet aux neurones d’induire la production d'autres signaux chimiotactiques et ainsi maintenir l’accumulation de la microglie. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats permettent un nouvel aperçu de la compréhension de la voie ALK4/5 en tant que signal régulateur guidant une mobilisation chronologique correcte du recrutement de la microglie dans un cerveau adulte capable de régénération axonale. Les résultats ouvrent la perspective d’une telle étude chez les mammifères adultes afin de préciser la pertinence de ce dialogue dans le cerveau soumis à des lésions accidentelles ou pathologiques.In the central nervous system (CNS), all neuronal activities are under the influence of surrounding glial cells, including microglial cells. These resident CNS immune cells regulate the neuroinflammatory state, so important in neurodegenerative diseases. In microglia, TGF-β type I (ALK5) and type II receptors have recently been described as a specific signature compared to meningeal or infiltrating macrophages from the blood, allowing maintenance/maturation of microglia. These receptors are also used by developing neurons under the influence of members of the TGF-β family, including several GDFs (growth and differentiation factors). Therefore, this ALK4/5 signaling was studied in the crosstalk between microglial cells and neurons in the H. medicinalis leech. The medicinal leech is a model of neurobiology that, through its interesting nervous structure, offers the possibility of studying the interactions between microglial subpopulations and neurons. The results showed that both neurons and microglia use ALK4/5 signaling, depending on a member of the TGF-β family, called nGDF, to maintain mutual exchanges after axonal injury. Indeed, immediate neuronal release of nGDF after axonal injury allows early recruitment of ALK4/5+ microglia at the point of injury while, later, production of nGDF in microglial cells paracrine-activated ALK4/5+ neurons. This second crosstalk time allows the neurons to induce the production of other chemotactic signals and thus maintain the accumulation of microglia. Together, the results provide a new insight into the understanding of the ALK4/5 pathway as a regulatory signal guiding correct timing of recruitment of microglia in an adult brain capable of axonal regeneration. The results open up the prospect of such a study in adult mammals to clarify the relevance of this dialogue in the brain subjected to accidental or pathological lesions

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment

International audienceThe neuroinflammatory state of the central nervous system (CNS) plays a key role in physiological and pathological conditions. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, and sometimes the infiltrating bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), regulate the inflammatory profile of their microenvironment in the CNS. It is now accepted that the extracellular vesicle (EV) populations from immune cells act as immune mediators. Thus, their collection and isolation are important to identify their contents but also evaluate their biological effects on recipient cells. The present data highlight chronological requirements for EV isolation from microglia cells or blood macrophages including the ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) steps. A non-targeted proteomic analysis permitted the validation of protein signatures as EV markers and characterized the biologically active EV contents. Microglia-derived EVs were also functionally used on primary culture of neurons to assess their importance as immune mediators in the neurite outgrowth. The results showed that microglia-derived EVs contribute to facilitate the neurite outgrowth in vitro. In parallel, blood macrophage-derived EVs were functionally used as immune mediators in spheroid cultures of C6 glioma cells, the results showing that these EVs control the glioma cell invasion in vitro. This report highlights the possibility to evaluate the EV-mediated immune cell functions but also understand the molecular bases of such a communication. This deciphering could promote the use of natural vesicles and/or the in vitro preparation of therapeutic vesicles in order to mimic immune properties in the microenvironment of CNS pathologies

PC1/3 KD Macrophages Exhibit Resistance to the Inhibitory Effect of IL-10 and a Higher TLR4 Activation Rate, Leading to an Anti-Tumoral Phenotype

International audienceDuring tumorigenesis, macrophages are recruited by tumors and orientated towards a pro-tumoral phenotype. One of the main anti-tumoral immunotherapy consists of their re-polarization in an anti-tumoral phenotype. We have demonstrated that the inhibition of proprotein convertase 1/3 combined with TLR4 activation in macrophages is a promising strategy. These macrophages display pro-inflammatory and anti-tumoral phenotypes. A hallmark is a stronger activation of the pro-inflammatory NFKB pathway. We believe that this can be explained by a modification of TLR4 expression at the cell surface or MYD88 cleavage since it exhibits a potential cleavage site for proprotein convertases. We tested these hypotheses through immunofluorescence and Western blot experiments. A proteomics study was also performed to test the sensitivity of these macrophages to IL-10. We demonstrated that these macrophages treated with LPS showed a quicker re-expression of TLR4 at the cell surface. The level of MYD88 was also higher when TLR4 was internalized. Moreover, these macrophages were resistant to the pro-tumoral effect of IL-10 and still produced pro-inflammatory factors. This established that the sensitivity to anti-inflammatory molecules and the length of TLR4 desensitization were reduced in these macrophages. Therefore, during antitumoral immunotherapy, a repeated stimulation of TLR4 may reactivate PC1/3 inhibited macrophages even in an anti-inflammatory environment

Mapping Spatiotemporal Microproteomics Landscape in Experimental Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Unveils a link to Parkinson's Disease

International audienceTraumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major health concerns with no clinically-approved FDA drug available for therapeutic intervention. Several genomics and neuroproteomics studies have been employed to decipher the underlying pathological mechanisms involved that can serve as potential neurotherapeutic targets and unveil a possible underlying relation of TBI to other secondary neurological disorders. In this work, we present a novel high throughput systems biology approach using a spatially resolved microproteomics platform conducted on different brain regions in an experimental rat model of moderate of controlled cortical injury (CCI) at a temporal pattern postinjury (1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days). Mapping the spatiotemporal landscape of signature markers in TBI revealed an overexpression of major protein families known to be implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) such as GPR158, HGMB1, synaptotagmin and glutamate decarboxylase in the ipsilateral substantia nigra. In silico bioinformatics docking experiments indicated the potential correlation between TBI and PD through alpha-synuclein. In an in vitro model, stimulation with palmitoylcarnitine triggered an inflammatory response in macrophages and a regeneration processes in astrocytes which also further confirmed the in vivo TBI proteomics data. Taken together, this is the first study to assess the microproteomics landscape in TBI, mainly in the substantia nigra, thus revealing a potential predisposition for PD or Parkinsonism post-TBI

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids in Experimental Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Detecting Acylcarnitines as Injury Related Markers

International audienceIdentifying new lipid markers linked to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is of major importance in characterizing their central role in the regeneration process and inflammatory response in such an injury model. In the present study, an advanced lipidomics analysis using high spectral resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging was performed on different brain regions in an experimental rat model of moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI) while considering different time points (1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days) assessing the acute and subacute phase after injury. Our results revealed a new family of lipids, the acylcarnitines, as TBI-lipid related markers, with maximum expression at 3 days after impact and main colocalization within resident microglia of the brain. Furthermore, our experiments highlighted the upregulation of these acylcarnitine lipids, secreted by microglia, in the ipsilateral substantia nigra, the main region in the brain affected in Parkinson's disease (PD)