Gestation in a Mare with Facial Deviation (Wry Nose)

Background: Wry nose is a congenital deformity that causes respiratory obstruction and decreased oxygenation rate. Gestation in a wry nose mare may be considered a risk to the neonate since it depends on the maternal environment for development. Compromised oxygenation during pregnancy can lead to fetal distress and cause consequences on fetal development. However, depending on the degree of the impairment, the fetus may still be able to adapt. The aim of the present study was to report the gestation in a mare with facial deviation until term and to assess blood gases in the mare and neonate, and to evaluate the histomorphometry of the placenta.Case: A Criollo breed mare presenting facial deviation (Wry Nose) was donated to Equine Medicine Research Group (ClinEq) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) due to the presence of the physical deformity. When the mare was five years old, it was inseminated and had a pregnancy confirmed. At the fifth month of gestation, evaluation of fetal aorta diameter, fetal orbital diameter and combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) started to be performed monthly to assess gestation health. The assessment of the fetal orbit and aorta diameter revealed a linear increase of both variables with the progress of gestation indicating a normal fetal development.  CTUP remained in the normal reference range, presenting no alterations during the gestational length. The mare foaled at 324 days of gestation a coat showing no congenital deformities. The foaling was monitored until the complete passage of fetal membranes. A complete clinical and hematological evaluation of the foal was carried out after birth. The foal showed normal adaptive behavior, clinical and hematological parameters during the first hours of life, although presenting physical signs of immaturity. Venous blood samples were collected from the mare at 315 days of gestation, immediately after foaling and 24 h post-partum for lactate and blood gas analysis.  Mild changes were observed in the mare’s blood gas analysis at foaling that were compensated within 24 h post-partum. Venous blood samples were collected from the umbilical cord and from the foal after birth, at 12 and 24 h post-partum to measure blood gases and lactate. The newborn foal presented respiratory acidosis immediately after birth, which was metabolically compensated at 24 h post-partum. Both mare’s and foal’s lactate evaluation were within the normal reference ranges. After expulsion of the placenta, samples from the gravid horn, uterine body and non-gravid horn were collected for histological and histomorphometric evaluation. In the histological evaluation, avillous areas were detected in the gravid horn and uterine body and mild hypoplasia was found in the uterine body. Placental histomorphometry revealed larger total microcotiledonary and capillary areas on the non-gravid horn when compared to the remaining areas of the placenta (gravid horn and uterine body). No abnormalities on the placental vasculature were detected.  Discussion: To date, there are no reports of a pregnancy in a mare with facial deviation in the literature. This report showed that the wry nose mare gave birth to a viable foal showing no congenital abnormalities, which suggests that wry nose animals can be bred normally. The mare presented a healthy pregnancy, with mild changes in the blood gas analysis at foaling that were compensated at 24 h postpartum. Similarly, despite the foal showed physical signs of immaturity and respiratory acidosis at birth, these changes were compensated in the later assessments. Furthermore, no abnormalities on the placental vasculature were detected

Desvio compensatório falangeano proximal e balanço capsular do casco em potros da raça Crioula sob criação extensiva do nascimento ao desmame/Proximal phalangeal compensatory deviation and capsular hoof balance in foals of the Crioula breed under extensive breeding from birth to weaning

Potros da raça Crioula com conformação hígida dos membros, mas com assimetria médio-lateral da cápsula do casco, em função do desequilíbrio estático e dinâmico nos primeiros meses de vida, poderão manifestar desvio compensatório associado a falange proximal. Portanto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar a presença de desvio compensatório falangeano proximal e sua associação com balanço capsular do casco em potros da raça Crioula sob criação extensiva. Foram avaliados 67 potros da raça Crioula, com idades entre um e onze meses, de ambos os sexos, de quatro propriedades localizadas na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As medidas laterais e mediais dos talões do membro torácico esquerdo foram registradas utilizando fita métrica e as superfícies lateral e medial da falange proximal foram mensuradas através de imagens radiográficas na projeção dorso-palmar da região metacarpo-falangeana, sendo consideradas as diferenças entre as faces lateral e medial falangeanas e dos talões do estojo córneo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e teste de correlação de Spearman. Não houve efeito do gênero (macho ou fêmea) nas variáveis estudadas (P>0,05). Houve diferença da mensuração linear longitudinal das faces medial e lateral da falange proximal nos potros da raça Crioula criados em sistema extensivo, caracterizando discreto desenvolvimento assimétrico longitudinal. Apesar das diferenças entre as faces da falange proximal (0,4 cm) e entre talões (0,3 cm), essas variações não foram associadas entre si (P= 0,604), não caracterizando a presença de desvio compensatório falangeano. Portanto, o desequilíbrio estático e dinâmico nos primeiros meses de vida, em potros hígidos da raça Crioula, com assimetria médio-lateral natural da cápsula do casco inferior a 0,5 cm não foi associado ao desvio compensatório na falange proximal

Avaliação do efeito trombogênico da perfusão regional intravenosa com gentamicina em equinos

Os processos sépticos são complicações frequentes nas estruturas sinoviais e demais tecidos da porção distal dos membros de equinos. A perfusão regional intravenosa é uma opção terapêutica, que objetiva aumentar significativamente a concentração de antimicrobiano na porção distal ao posicionamento do torniquete. No entanto, alguns pontos ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos e algumas complicações, como trombose venosa, podem ocorrer. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o potencial trombogênico da perfusão regional de gentamicina, na dose de 2,2 mg/kg na veia cefálica de equinos. Utilizou-se 15 equinos hígidos, divididos em três grupos de cinco animais. Grupo 1, somente torniquete (GT), grupo 2, torniquete e 40 ml de solução fisiológica (GSF), grupo 3, torniquete e gentamicina na dose de 2,2 mg/kg e solução fisiológica até completar um volume de 40 ml (GSG). Um membro torácico de cada animal foi escolhido aleatoriamente para o tratamento e torniquete aplicado no terço médio proximal do rádio. Ultrassonografia Doppler foi realizada no membro testado imediatamente antes, 30 minutos, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após o tratamento na veia cefálica e artéria mediana. A artéria mediana também foi avaliada aproximadamente 15 minutos após posicionamento do torniquete. A termografia foi realizada em ambos os membros em todos os momentos. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de variância com medidas repetidas, teste de Tukey de comparações múltiplas de médias para comparar os grupos e ajustado para Dunnett para comparar os momentos em relação ao momento M0. Significância foi aceito p <0,05. Todos os grupos apresentaram escore trombótico zero, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à temperatura do membro e diâmetro médio da veia. A perfusão regional intravenosa com...Septic processes are common in synovial structures and tissues of the distal limbs in horses. Regional intravenous perfusion is a therapeutic option that aims to significantly increase the antibiotic concentration in the limb, distal to the tourniquet. Nevertheless, some critical points remains unclear, and complication such as thrombosis may occur along this procedure. The purpose of this work was to assess the thrombogenic potential of regional intravenous perfusion after administration of gentamicin in the cephalic vein. Fifteen healthy horses were assigned to three groups of 5 animals. Group 1, tourniquet group (TG), group 2, tourniquet and 40 mL of physiologic saline solution (SPG) and group 3, tourniquet and 2.2 mg/kg gentamicin completed to 40 mL by addition of physiologic saline solution (ASG). One forelimb of each animal was randomly chosen for treatment and tourniquet applied at the proximal end of the radius. Doppler ultrasonography was performed in the treated limb immediately before and 30 minutes, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after treatment in the cephalic vein and artery median. The median artery was also evaluated approximately 15 minutes after placement of the tourniquet. Thermography was performed in both limbs at all the moments. Data were assessed by analysis of variance with repeated measures, Tukey's multiple mean comparison test to compare the groups and Dunnett's multiple mean comparison test to compare the moments regarding M0. Significance was accepted at p <0.05. Thrombotic score was zero for the three groups; no difference was found between groups regarding temperature and mean vein diameter of the treated limb. Regional intravenous perfusion using a single dose... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Clinical and histopathological features of horn core carcinoma in a Nellore cow – case report<br>Aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos do carcinoma da base do chifre em uma vaca Nelore – relato de caso

This manuscript describes the clinical and pathological findings associated with a unilateral horn core carcinoma in a 12- year-old, Nellore cow. Initially the cow presented a small growth within the right horn with consequent hanging of the affected horn and progressive increasein size of the mass, ultimately resulting in a large space occupying tumorous growth. Clinical laboratory evaluations revealed non-regenerative anemia; while bacteriological analyses yielded cultures of Pseudomonnas spp. and Arcanobacterium spp. Histopathology revealed the mass to be consisted predominantly of a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with areas of neoplastic glandular epithelium. The anatomic location of the tumor associated with the histopathological findings is consistent with horn core carcinoma of cattle.Este manuscrito descreve os achados clínicos e patológicos associados com um carcinoma da base do chifre de uma vaca da raça Nelore de 12 anos de idade. Inicialmente a vaca apresentou uma pequena massa dentro do seio do corno direito com aumento progressivo no tamanho, que se evidenciou após a fratura do mesmo, que permaneceu pendurado por um pequeno fragmento de pele. Essa lesão resultou em uma enorme massa exuberante. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram anemia arregerenativa; as análises bacteriológicas produziram culturas de Pseudomonnas spp. E Arcanobacterium spp. A avaliação histopatológica revelou que a massa era formada predominantemente pelo carcinoma das células escamosas bem-diferenciado com áreas de neoplasia do epitélio glandular. A localização anatômica do tumor associado aos achados histopatológicos é consistente com o carcinoma da base do chifre

Avaliação do efeito trombogênico da perfusão regional intravenosa com gentamicina em equinos

The distal end of the horse is often affected by septic processes that are difficult to treat. The intravenous regional perfusion of antimicrobials is a treatment option for these processes, increasing the local concentration of the drug using small doses, and is currently widely used, but still presenting various issues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible complications of the technique, using gentamicin at a dose of 2.2mg/kg in the cephalic vein of horses. Fifteen healthy horses were assigned to three groups of 5 animals. Group 1, tourniquet group (TG), group 2, tourniquet and 40mL of physiologic saline solution (SPG) and group 3, tourniquet and 2.2mg/kg gentamicin completed to 40mL by the addition of physiologic saline solution (ASG). The perfused limb was evaluated by thermography and ultrasound Duplex color over time. The data were analyzed by Tukey's and Dunnett's method, and the accepted significance level was P<0.05. All groups showed thrombotic score zero and there was no significant difference between groups in the average diameter of the vein and member temperatures. The intravenous regional antibiosis with 2.2mg/kg of gentamicin as a single dose did not affect the development of thrombosis in the cephalic vein.A extremidade distal dos equinos é frequentemente afetada por processos sépticos de difícil tratamento. A perfusão regional intravenosa de antimicrobianos é uma opção de tratamento para esses processos, pois aumenta a concentração do fármaco no local mediante pequenas doses. Entretanto, apesar de ser muito utilizada recentemente, ainda apresenta várias questões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as possíveis complicações da técnica, com o uso da gentamicina na dose de 2,2mg/kg na veia cefálica de equinos. Utilizaram-se 15 equinos hígidos divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de cinco animais: grupo somente com torniquete (GT), grupo que recebeu 40mL de solução fisiológica (GSF) e grupo que recebeu gentamicina na dose de 2,2mg/kg, acrescida de solução fisiológica até completar o volume de 40mL (GSG). O membro perfundido foi avaliado por termografia e ultrassonografia duplex em cores ao longo do tempo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise pelos testes de Tukey e de Dunnett, e o nível de significância adotado foi de P<0,05. Todos os grupos apresentaram escore trombótico zero, e não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto ao diâmetro médio da veia e da temperatura dos membros. A antibiose intravenosa regional com 2,2mg/kg de gentamicina, em dose única, não acarretou o desenvolvimento de trombose na veia cefálicaFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Small Intestine Strangulating Obstruction by Mesenteric Pedunculated Lipoma in a Criollo Mare

Background: The abdominal lipomas are benign tumors of hyperplastic growth that originate from mesenteric adipose tissue, most commonly in the small intestine. Pedunculated lipoma strangulation occurs when the pedicle wraps around an intestinal loop and its mesentery, obstructing the intestinal lumen and blood supply of the affected segment. The aim of the present study is to report a case of a Criollo mare presenting a strangulating obstruction of the jejunum and ileum by a pedunculated lipoma, focusing the discussion in the causes and epidemiology of this alteration.Case: A 24-year-old Criollo mare with a body condition score 8 out of 9 was referred to a Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV-UFPel) presenting acute abdominal pain. At the hospital, the mare was presenting mild signs of abdominal discomfort. At the initial clinical exam, the mare had an increased heart and respiratory rates, normal body temperature, hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refil time of 3 s and absent gut sounds in all four quadrants during auscultation. Mild dehydration was present, increased fibrinogen and serum lactate. Rectal palpation revealed distention of the small intestine by gas, during abdominal ultrassonography the small intestinal wall thickness was found increased. Peritoneal lactate was 11 mmol/L and protein was 6 mg/dL. Due to the clinical findings during the exam, an exploratory celiotomy was performed. Necrosis of the final third of jejunum and the entire extension of ileum was found. Examining the compromised intestinal portion, it was observed a linear structure strangulating two segments of the small intestine. Taking into account the extensive area of irreversible necrosis and the advanced age of the patient, euthanasia was performed. The mare was then referred for necropsy and findings confirmed the strangulation of the final portion of the jejunum and all the extension of the ileum caused by a mesenteric pedunculated lipoma.Discussion: Increased mesenteric fat can predispose horses to the development of mesenteric lipomas. Although there is no scientific evidence of the association of mesenteric lipoma and obesity, it has been observed that pedunculated lipomas are more common in horses with metabolic alterations, for example, Criollo breed, that is potentially predisposed to develop metabolic disturbances. Elderly horses are at the highest risk of colic by mesenteric lipoma, as well as geldings, however, others authors describe that females are more commonly affected. Horses considered of short stature are more predisposed when compared to jumping or race horses. Pedunculated lipoma occurs in 18% of all cases of treated colic and is found more frequently in the small intestine when compared to the smaller colon. In most cases, surgery is indicated and resection of the pedicle and the affected segment may be necessary, however, in this case, the extensive area of intestinal necrosis and the impossibility of externalization of the affected segment lead the decision to proceed with euthanasia. In conclusion, the mare of the present study had an advanced age and a high body condition score, which the authors’ believe were two predisposing factors that increased the risk of it developing a mesenteric lipoma. Considering that, further epidemiologic studies should be conducted to better understand this relation