Caregiver Willingness to Give TPT to Children Living with Drug-Resistant TB Patients

Pediatric household contacts (HHCs) of patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) are at high risk of infection and active disease. Evidence of caregiver willingness to give MDR-TB preventive therapy (TPT) to children is limited.METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of HHCs of patients with MDR-TB to assess caregiver willingness to give TPT to children aged \u3c13 years.RESULTS Of 743 adult and adolescent HHCs, 299 reported caring for children aged \u3c13 years of age. The median caregiver age was 35 years (IQR 27-48); 75% were women. Among caregivers, 89% were willing to give children MDR TPT. In unadjusted analyses, increased willingness was associated with TB-related knowledge (OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.3-11.3), belief that one can die of MDR-TB (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.2-23.4), concern for MDR-TB transmission to child (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.6-12.4), confidence in properly taking TPT (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.6-12.6), comfort telling family about TPT (OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.1-14.3), and willingness to take TPT oneself (OR 35.1, 95% CI 11.0-112.8).CONCLUSIONS A high percentage of caregivers living with MDR- or rifampicin-resistant TB patients were willing to give children a hypothetical MDR TPT. These results provide important evidence for the potential uptake of effective MDR TPT when implemented

Analysis of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-1 Gene Sequences

The emergence of Plasmodium vivax in Dashte Moghan in northwestern Iran has become a major concern for Iranian's health officials. Knowledge of genetic make up of the P. vivax populations in this area would give us an insight into the origin of the prevalent infections and the possible routes they are introduced. This paper reports the analysis of a variable region between the two interspecies conserved blocks (ICBs) of 5 and 6 of MSP-1 gene in 18 isolates from Dashte Moghan. The results revealed that all the 18 isolates were similar to an Azari Belem-like type with 21 glutamine (Q) in the repeated residues. Our results may give a clue that the resurgent malaria in Dashteh Moghan might have primarily been introduced from Azerbaijan. However, much more molecular and epidemiological evidence are needed to confirm this hypothesis

The Effect of Whole Cottonseed on Performance, Carcass Efficiency and Intestinal Morphology of Fattening Arabi Male Lambs

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding different levels of whole cottonseed (0, 5, 10 and 15 % WSC) on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass Efficiency and small intestinal morphology of Arabi finishing lambs. Thirty-six Arabi male lambs (29.8±1.6 kg) were allocated to 4 groups according to a completely randomized design. The diets were fed ad-libitum in form of total mixed ration (TMR) for 70 days. At days of 70 all lambs were slaughtered. After that carcass data were collected. FCR significantly reduced in 5, 10 and 15 % WSC feeding in comparison to 0 % (6.06, 5.28, 5.39 Vs. 6.39, respectively). Furthermore average daily gain was increased significantly by WSC supplementation (

Human monkeypox infection re-emerges amid the COVID-19 crisis: A review

Background: Monkeypox is a re-emerging viral disease that has recently negatively affected the lives of many people in different countries of the world and has caused many concerns. One of the concerns about this virus is that it will become a new pandemic in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. While the world is still struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic, the newly emerging viral disease monkeypox first broke out in the United Kingdom on April 29, 2022, amid the coronavirus crisis. Methodology: This review was carried out by searching articles using the keywords monkeypox, epidemic, covid-19, and emerging infection in various databases and extraction of relevant data based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Discussion: Considering that the monkeypox virus is the cause of acute infections in humans and animals, it can have many effects on the overall population structure and economic issues of a country and threaten the health of human and animal populations. It can spread via direct and indirect contact both between humans and humans and animals. Asymptomatic patients are also able to spread the disease. Now that routine human smallpox vaccination has discontinued and herd immunity is declining, new assessments of monkeypox are required. Furthermore, basic ecological studies are required to better understand the animal species involved in virus transmission and maintenance, as well as to influence future preventive actions. Therefore, knowing different aspects of this disease, its prevention, and treatment methods are quite important.   Conclusion: Although cases of this disease have been reported in many non-endemic countries of the world, and we should be prepared for its prevention and proper treatment but considering its slower transmission method it seems that this disease can be controlled and prevented much more easily than COVID-19

Dissemination of a single Vibrio cholerae clone in cholera outbreaks during 2005 in Iran

In this study, 50 Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Inaba isolates were collected during several cholera outbreaks throughout Iran during the summer of 2005. The results of antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that 86, 84, 84 and 82 of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline, respectively. The strains were genotyped using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), PFGE and ribotyping techniques. PCR showed that 100, 98 and 98 carried the ctx, zot and ace genes, respectively. Biochemical fingerprinting of the isolates using the PhenePlate (PhP) system showed a low diversity index level (0.755), suggesting that the strains were highly homogeneous. Among the strains, 100 and 96 showed an identical ribotype and PFGE patterns, respectively. The two isolates showing different PFGE patterns also exhibited discrete PhP types. RAPD was able to discriminate the isolates into six distinct groups, suggesting some genetic dissimilarity was present among the strains. These ribotyping, PFGE and PhP techniques revealed the clonal dissemination of a single V. cholerae strain throughout Iran in 2005. © 2007 SGM

Targeting Nrf2 in ischemia-reperfusion alleviation: From signaling networks to therapeutic targeting

The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of redox balance and it responds to various cell stresses that oxidative stress is the most well-known one. The Nrf2 should undergo nuclear translocation to exert its protective impacts and decrease ROS production. On the other hand, ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a pathological event resulting from low blood flow to an organ and followed by reperfusion. The I/R induces cell injury and organ dysfunction. The present review focuses on Nrf2 function in alleviation of I/R injury. Stimulating of Nrf2 signaling ameliorates I/R injury in various organs including lung, liver, brain, testis and heart. The Nrf2 enhances activity of antioxidant enzymes to reduce ROS production and prevent oxidative stress-mediated cell death. Besides, Nrf2 reduces inflammation via decreasing levels of pro-inflammatory factors including IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. Nrf2 signaling is beneficial in preventing apoptosis and increasing cell viability. Nrf2 induces autophagy to prevent apoptosis during I/R injury. Furthermore, it can interact with other molecular pathways including PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, miRNAs, lncRNAs and GSK-3β among others, to ameliorate I/R injury. The therapeutic agents, most of them are phytochemicals such as resveratrol, berberine and curcumin, induce Nrf2 signaling in I/R injury alleviation. © 202

Scouting around 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrochromeno[3,2-c]pyridin-10-ones for Single- and Multitarget Ligands Directed towards Relevant Alzheimer's Targets

A number of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno[3,2-c]pyridin-10-one derivatives have been synthesized and screened against different targets involved in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE), monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO A and B), aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Derivatives 1 c, 3 b, 4 and 5 a showed multifaceted profiles of promising anti-AD features and returned well-balanced multitargeting inhibitory activities. Moreover, compound 1 f, a potent and selective human MAO B inhibitor (IC50=0.89 μM), proved to be a safe neuroprotectant in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) by improving viability impaired by Aβ1–42 and pro-oxidant insult. Furthermore, structure–activity relationships (SARs) and docking models were derived in order to assist further hit-to-lead optimization stage. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Gmb

Scouting around 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrochromeno[3,2-c]pyridin-10-ones for Single- and Multitarget Ligands Directed towards Relevant Alzheimer's Targets

A number of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno[3,2-c]pyridin-10-one derivatives have been synthesized and screened against different targets involved in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE), monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO A and B), aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Derivatives 1 c, 3 b, 4 and 5 a showed multifaceted profiles of promising anti-AD features and returned well-balanced multitargeting inhibitory activities. Moreover, compound 1 f, a potent and selective human MAO B inhibitor (IC50=0.89 μM), proved to be a safe neuroprotectant in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) by improving viability impaired by Aβ1–42 and pro-oxidant insult. Furthermore, structure–activity relationships (SARs) and docking models were derived in order to assist further hit-to-lead optimization stage