Evaluasi Penerapan Booklet dan Edukasi Apoteker pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Rumah Sakit Mayapada Tangerang

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease with long-term treatment that requires knowledge and self-management to control blood sugar levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the provision of booklet and pharmacist education in improving knowledge and behavior of self-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus patient at Mayapada Hospital Tangerang. This study respondents were 90 people who were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 got booklet and education, group 2 got booklet only and control group did not get any treatment. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels before the intervention were in poorly controlled category and after intervention there was no significant change. There was an increase in the level of knowledge and self-management in group 1 and group 2. There was no significant change in FBG. Provision of booklet with education by pharmacist showed a higher increase in knowledge (p=0.02) and self management behavior (p<0.001) than provision of booklet only. There was no relationship between knowledge and self-management behavior with blood sugar levels. It could be concluded that booklet and education by pharmacist could improve knowledge and behavior of self-management of DM type 2 patients in each intervention group. However, there was no relationship between knowledge and self-management behavior with FBG

Original paper TOXICITY OF NICKEL AND CADMIUM IN SPRUCE SEEDLINGS: EFFECT OF SEPARATED AND COMBINED TREATMENTS ON PEROXIDASE AND SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE ACTIVITY

Summary: We studied the soluble peroxidase and superoxid-dismutase activity, peroxidase isoenzyme pattern and metal content in the needles of 2-year-old spruce grown on soils supplemented with cadmium and nickel concentrations from 3 to 30 mg kg ’1 and 50 to 500 mg kg ’1 respectively. The two metals were applied both separately and simultaneously. The kinetics of metal assimilation and total accumulated quantity depended on the type of treatment. Following metal exposure, an increase in peroxidase activity in the seedlings treated with Cd and Ni/Cd, and in superoxide-dismutase activity during Ni/Cd treatment was observed. A parallel change of peroxidase isoenzyme pattern occurred. There was a good correlation between accumulated metals in needles and enzyme activities. The effect of Cd on the measured parameters was shown to be stronger comparing to the effect of Ni. The results obtained show that peroxidase and superoxide-dismutase activity and peroxidase isoenzyme pattern could be used to evaluate the capacity of one part of the defense system in spruce seedlings to withstand metal stress. Key words: free radicals, enzyme induction, bioindicatio

In vitro cell wall extensibility controls age-related changes in the growth rate of etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls

Abstract: Plant cell growth is controlled by cell wall extensibility, which is currently estimated indirectly by various microtensile and nano/microindentation techniques. Their outputs differ in the accuracy of growth rate and in vivo extensibility prediction. Using the creep method we critically tested several metrics (creep rate, creep rate 7 stress1, in vitro cell wall extensibility (\u3d5) and in vitro cell wall yield threshold (y)) for their ability to predict growth rates of etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) hypocotyls. We developed novel approaches for \u3d5 and y determination and statistical analysis based on creep measurements under single loads coupled with wall stress calculation. The best indicator of growth rate was \u3d5 because the 3-fold developmental decrease in the growth rate of 4- vs 3-day-old hypocotyls was accompanied by a 3-fold decrease in \u3d5 determined at pH 5. Although the acid-induced expansin-mediated creep of cell walls resulted exclusively from increasing \u3d5 values, the decrease in \u3d5 between 3- and 4-day-old hypocotyls was not mediated by a decrease in expansin abundance. We give practical recommendations on the most efficient use of creep rate, creep rate 7 stress1, \u3d5 and y in different experimental situations and provide scripts for their automated calculations and statistical comparisons