Funksies van voorbeeldmateriaal in eentalige woordeboeke

English Title: Functions of illustrative material in monolingual dictionariesEnglish AbstractIllustrative material is a microstructural element which in most dictionaries is not used to its full potential. Interaction between examples and other microstructural elements is imperative. Correlation between the definiens and illustrative material in the dictionary article aids the user of the dictionary with his encoding skills. Without illustrative material supporting it the information conveyed by the definiens is not as significant as it could be. However, illustrative material should not be viewed as an only means of conveying semantic information. Correlation between usage labels and examples is especially important. An example which contradicts a label, or vice versa, confuses the user. If either label or illustrative material is absent, the user can easily be misled. Illustrative material should also support the grammatical information given in the dictionary article. It has an implicit function because it complements and illustrates the explicit information. A correlation between these two microstructural elements of the dictionary article will result in a dictionary which is more user-friendly. Both citations and constructed examples can be applied successfully to assist the user in the comprehension and generation of utterances. Furthermore examples shows that each lexical item is related to others semantically as well as syntactically. Certain semantic resemblances and differences between related lexical items are reflected by illustrative material. Illustrative material should not be viewed as an optional element of the dictionary article, but as an essential component thereof.Keywords: citations, constructed examples, context, definiens, dictionary article, dictionary user, evidence of usage, examples, grammatical information, illustrative material, interaction, lemma, lexical item, pragmatic, register, semantic, semantic relations, syntactic usag

Agricultural production in Greater Sekhukhune: the future for food security in a poverty node of South Africa?

This paper argues that within the range of complementary activities necessary to secure the food security of marginalised groups in South Africa in places such as Greater Sekhukhune, the aspect of agricultural production is often neglected. A comprehensive approach to food security should focus on exploiting opportunities around increasing local food availability through production, as well as stimulating food accessibility by, for example, supporting small enterprises through micro-credit, and supporting food utilisation through education. In this way a range of options is created that vulnerable people can adopt to promote their livelihoods beyond survivalist strategies. This paper explores the issue of agricultural production within Greater Sekhukhune to provide insights into the challenges facing a comprehensive food security strategy that would guarantee food supply through a range of interventions. The study in the Greater Sekhukhune District in Limpopo Province was conducted through two sets of household surveys (2004 and 2006) and the responses to the agricultural production part of these surveys are discussed. Marked changes from 2004 to 2006 were observed. For “agrarian reform†to be a success, the necessary institutional framework needs to be in place to enable a broad range of services from government and non-governmental actors. The facilitation of such “joined up governmentâ€, although in existence in theory, requires concerted political will to become a reality.Food security, agricultural production, household surveys, Greater Sekhukhune, Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty,

The effect of different anaesthetic mask shapes on the anatomical dead space using infant, child and adult part-task trainers

Dead space is the portion of tidal volume that does not participate in alveolar gas exchange. The purpose of this study was to compare the dead space contribution of differently shaped masks, of the same size, by measuring the volume of each mask. The study was conducted in the Clinical Simulation Unit of the School of Medicine, University of the Free State (UFS) using formed masks with inflatable polyvinylchloride (PVC) cuffs and rounded masks with non-inflatable PVC cuffs. The masks were placed on the faces of the infant, child and adult part-task trainers as well as on a flat surface. The cuffs of the formed masks were inflated to 5 cm water and 70 cm water. Masks were filled with water and the volume was measured.The volumes (ml) of the masks on the flat surface were significantly larger than those measured on the part-task trainers’ faces. The volume of the rounded masks was greater than the volume of the formed masks. The amount of cuff inflation pressure (5 cm water vs. 70 cm water) did not lead to a significant change in mask volume: 102.3 ml (standard deviation [SD] 75.9) vs. 110.2 ml (SD 82.3), averaged for all sizes.Formed masks contribute less to anatomical dead space than rounded masks and are thus possibly the better choice. Cuff inflation pressure has insignificant influence on dead space volume.Keywords: anaesthesia, anatomical dead space, inhalation, masks, pulmonary ventilation, respirator

A new find of Megalotragus priscus (Alcelaphini, Bovidae) from the central Karoo, South Africa

Main articleWe document the occurrence of the Florisian, or late Quaternary, form of the giant alcelaphine, Megalotragus priscus, from dongas on the Ongers River, near Britstown in the central Karoo. This is significant as it confirms the occurrence of the species in the Karoo and it suggests significantly wetter environments and productive grasslands in the central Karoo in pre-Holocene times. The present-day Karoo environment did not maintain populations of large ruminant grazers similar to M. priscus, and other specialized Florisian grazers, prior to the advent of agriculture and pasture management. Aridification in recent times is the likely cause of changes in grassland quality and the local dissappearance of these animals, if not their extinction.Non

The 2010 operational management procedure for the South African Merluccius paradoxus and M.?capensis resources

The algorithm for the 2010 Operational Management Procedure (OMP) to provide TAC recommendations for the South African Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis resources is empirical. It combines an increase or decrease of the TAC in relation to a) the magnitude of recent trends in CPUE and survey abundance estimates for both species and b) the relative level of recent CPUE and survey abundance estimates compared to a target level. The basis for the associated computations is set out below, with the tuning parameters given in Table 1. Details of the computation procedures for the CPUE and catch data are provided in Appendix A, and for the survey estimates of Biomass in Appendix B

Cobalt and zinc halide complexes of 4-chloro and 4-methylaniline : syntheses, structures and magnetic behavior

Please read abstract in the article.The Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University and the Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University. F. X. would like to acknowledge the funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skodowska-Curie grant agreement No 701647.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/poly2020-08-01hj2019Chemistr

Gold Nanoparticle-Quantum Dot Fluorescent Nanohybrid:Application for Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance-induced Molecular Beacon Ultrasensitive DNA Detection

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Heterologous Epitope-Scaffold Prime∶Boosting Immuno-Focuses B Cell Responses to the HIV-1 gp41 2F5 Neutralization Determinant

The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) gp120 and gp41 mediate entry and are the targets for neutralizing antibodies. Within gp41, a continuous epitope defined by the broadly neutralizing antibody 2F5, is one of the few conserved sites accessible to antibodies on the functional HIV Env spike. Recently, as an initial attempt at structure-guided design, we transplanted the 2F5 epitope onto several non-HIV acceptor scaffold proteins that we termed epitope scaffolds (ES). As immunogens, these ES proteins elicited antibodies with exquisite binding specificity matching that of the 2F5 antibody. These novel 2F5 epitope scaffolds presented us with the opportunity to test heterologous prime∶boost immunization strategies to selectively boost antibody responses against the engrafted gp41 2F5 epitope. Such strategies might be employed to target conserved but poorly immunogenic sites on the HIV-1 Env, and, more generally, other structurally defined pathogen targets. Here, we assessed ES prime∶boosting by measuring epitope specific serum antibody titers by ELISA and B cell responses by ELISpot analysis using both free 2F5 peptide and an unrelated ES protein as probes. We found that the heterologous ES prime∶boosting immunization regimen elicits cross-reactive humoral responses to the structurally constrained 2F5 epitope target, and that incorporating a promiscuous T cell helper epitope in the immunogens resulted in higher antibody titers against the 2F5 graft, but did not result in virus neutralization. Interestingly, two epitope scaffolds (ES1 and ES2), which did not elicit a detectable 2F5 epitope-specific response on their own, boosted such responses when primed with the ES5. Together, these results indicate that heterologous ES prime∶boost immunization regimens effectively focus the humoral immune response on the structurally defined and immunogen-conserved HIV-1 2F5 epitope

Considerations for management strategy evaluation for small pelagic fishes

Management strategy evaluation (MSE) is the state-of-the-art approach for testing and comparing management strategies in a way that accounts for multiple sources of uncertainty (e.g. monitoring, estimation, and implementation). Management strategy evaluation can help identify management strategies that are robust to uncertainty about the life history of the target species and its relationship to other species in the food web. Small pelagic fish (e.g. anchovy, herring and sardine) fulfil an important ecological role in marine food webs and present challenges to the use of MSE and other simulation-based evaluation approaches. This is due to considerable stochastic variation in their ecology and life history, which leads to substantial observation and process uncertainty. Here, we summarize the current state of MSE for small pelagic fishes worldwide. We leverage expert input from ecologists and modellers to draw attention to sources of process and observation uncertainty for small pelagic species, providing examples from geographical regions where these species are ecologically, economically and culturally important. Temporal variation in recruitment and other life-history rates, spatial structure and movement, and species interactions are key considerations for small pelagic fishes. We discuss tools for building these into the MSE process, with examples from existing fisheries. We argue that model complexity should be informed by management priorities and whether ecosystem information will be used to generate dynamics or to inform reference points. We recommend that our list of considerations be used in the initial phases of the MSE process for small pelagic fishes or to build complexity on existing single-species models.publishedVersio