Gardens in the Air: A Reexamination of the Ottoman Tulip Age

Scholars have long considered the “Tulip Age” to be a sort of Ottoman renaissance—a golden age initiated by the 1718 Treaty of Passarowitz and lasted until the Anti-Tulip Rebellion in 1730. However, recent scholarship has questioned the objectivity of the field’s founding historian, Ahmed Refik, who based his theory off of the twofold concepts of a marked increase in tulip culture and a movement toward westernization in the Ottoman Empire. Because of this shaky foundation, this research reexamines the debate from the beginning: the tulip’s connection to earlier Turkic arts and the actualities of Ottoman “modernization.” This perspective on the “real” Tulip Age is instrumental in suggesting a new hypothesis—that the Tulip Age did not exist in the way historians have accepted for a hundred years

Evaluation of the advance/anticipatory care planning (ACP) facilitators training programme

This report presents an overview of the findings of the three phases of the study and assesses the degree to which the Facilitator Training Programme and Resource Pack have prepared the cohort of facilitators with the knowledge, skills and tools to deliver training initiatives in ACP to address local and regional needs

Emergent Run-and-Tumble Behavior in a Simple Model of Chlamydomonas with Intrinsic Noise

Recent experiments on the green alga Chlamydomonas that swims using synchronized beating of a pair of flagella have revealed that it exhibits a run-and-tumble behavior similar to that of bacteria such as E. Coli. Using a simple purely hydrodynamic model that incorporates a stroke cycle and an intrinsic Gaussian white noise, we show that a stochastic run-and-tumble behavior could emerge, due to the nonlinearity of the combined synchronization-rotation-translation dynamics. This suggests the intriguing possibility that the alga might exploit nonlinear mechanics---as opposed to sophisticated biochemical circuitry as used by bacteria---to control its behavior.Comment: 5 pages, 2 composite figures (made of 12 separate EPS files

Mechanical Properties Of Sediment Determine Burrowing Success And Influence Distribution Of Two Lugworm Species

We apply new perspectives on how organisms burrow by examining the association of in situ variation in sediment mechanical properties with burrowing ability and species distribution of two sympatric lugworms, Abarenicola pacifica and Abarenicola claparedi. We quantified the sediment\u27s resistance to penetration and its grain size distribution at sites inhabited by each species. Abarenicola pacifica individuals were found in significantly harder to penetrate, more heterogeneous sediments. We compared worm burrowing ability using reciprocal transplant experiments. Worms from firmer sediments, A. pacifica, were able to make successful steep burrows in sediments characteristic of either species. In contrast, A. claparedi individuals often failed to complete successful burrows in the firmer A. pacifica sediment. To examine how morphological differences could explain these patterns, we compared body wall musculature and measured how well individuals support their own bodies when draped over a cantilever. Lugworms from the firmer sediment had thicker body wall musculature and held their bodies more rigidly than did worms from softer sediments. Additionally, we observed subtle differences in the papillae on the proboscises\u27 surfaces, which could affect worm–sediment interactions, but we found no differences in the chaetae of the two species. Abarenicola claparedi produced more mucus, which could be important in shoring up burrow walls in their shifting, sandy habitat. This study presents the first example of using field-based experiments to determine how sediment mechanical properties and worm burrowing ability could act to determine organismal distribution. Our findings have broader ecological implications because of the role of lugworms as ecosystem engineers

A Reanalysis of Small Scale Velocity Dispersion in the CfA1 Survey

The velocity dispersion of galaxies on scales of $r\sim1h^{-1}$ Mpc, $\sigma_{12}(r)$, may be estimated from the anisotropy of the galaxy-galaxy correlation function in redshift space. We present a reanalysis of the CfA1 survey, correct an error in the original analysis of Davis and Peebles (1983), and find that $\sigma_{12}(r)$ is extremely sensitive to the details of how corrections for infall into the Virgo cluster are applied. We conclude that a robust value of $\sigma_{12}$ cannot be obtained from this survey. We also discuss results from other redshift surveys, including the effect of removing clusters.Comment: 12 pages, uuencoded(latex file + 2 Postscript figures), uses aas macro

Lamb wave near field enhancements for surface breaking defects in plates

Near field surface wave ultrasonic enhancements have previously been used to detect surface breaking defects in thick samples using Rayleigh waves. Here, we present analogous surface wave enhancements for Lamb waves propagating in plates. By tracking frequency intensities in selected regions of time-frequency representations, we observe frequency enhancement in the near field, due to constructive interference of the incident wave mode with those reflected and mode converted at the defect. This is explained using two test models; a square based notch and an opening crack, which are used to predict the contribution to the out-of-plane displacement from the reflected and mode converted waves. This method has the potential to provide a reliable method for the near field identification and characterisation of surface breaking defects in plates

Multiple wavemode scanning for near and far-side defect characterisation

The combination of ultrasonic inspections using different wavemodes can give more information than is available with single mode inspection. In this work, the response of shear and Rayleigh waves to surface-breaking defects propagating on the near-side and far-side of a sample is investigated. The directivity of shear waves generated by a racetrack coil electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is identified and used to set an ideal separation for a pair of transmit-receive EMATs. Defects are indicated by a reduction in the transmitted Rayleigh wave amplitude, and by blocking of the shear wave. Used together, these can identify features in the bulk wave behaviour which are due to near-face surface-breaking defects, and give a full picture of both surfaces. By using a combination of the two wavemodes, the angle of propagation and length of any near-side defects can additionally be identified. A scanning method for samples is proposed