The Commonwealth of Oceana de James Harrington : un modèle pour la France révolutionnaire ?

Cet article étudie un modèle de Constitution, daté du 25 septembre 1792, soumis par Théodore Le Sueur à l’Assemblée nationale. Si ses points communs avec le texte de James Harrington (The Commonwealth of Oceana) ont été depuis longtemps observés, toutefois aucune explication n’avait été jusqu’alors avancée sur les raisons des similitudes et du contexte général de son élaboration. Cet article essaye de répondre à ces questions tout en mettant en valeur les liens qui ont pu exister entre le républicanisme anglais et français.The Commonwealth of Oceana de James Harrington : un modèle pour la France révolutionnaire ? This article centres on a draft constitution, dated 25 September 1792, which was submitted to the National Assembly by Theodore Le Sueur. The resemblance of the constitution to James Harrington’s The Commonwealth of Oceana has long been acknowledged, but no explanation has been offered as to why this was the case, or what the background to the work was. This article seeks to make some sense of the document and in doing so to reveal something about the links between English and French republicanism

After the pit is full: understanding latrine emptying in Fort Dauphin, Madagascar

Faecal sludge management (FSM) remains a challenge for developing countries, particularly in urban areas. This study investigated the barriers to pit latrine emptying in the urban commune of Fort Dauphin, Madagascar through household surveys, focus groups, and key informant interviews. On average, three households were sharing each of the latrines in the study and 20.4% of observed latrines were full. This research established that while no cultural barriers to latrine emptying appear to exist, other challenges include space, finding an emptier, and cost. The rapidity of shared latrine filling, lack of hygienic emptying services, and the absence of faecal sludge disposal or management sites will hinder public health in Fort Dauphin. Affordable access to hygienic emptying and FSM are the forthcoming challenges for sanitation projects in high-density urban communes

Shocking imagery and cultural sensitivity: a CLTS case study from Madagascar

Approaches addressing widespread open defecation practices in southeast Madagascar must navigate strongly held cultural values, traditions and taboos. In the urban commune of Fort Dauphin, this has resulted in SEED Madagascar’s adoption of a ‘hybrid’ approach to CLTS through Project Malio, a three-year urban sanitation project which seeks to instigate behaviour change by increasing access to improved sanitation in households and schools. Despite cultural taboos generally inhibiting discussion around defecation practices, the community has been accepting of the Malio approach, including campaigns using graphic Information, Education and Communication materials. However, plans to pilot a provocative signboard engaging a specific cultural taboo elicited such concern across the NGO’s Malagasy staff that a town-wide study was conducted to determine ‘how far is too far’. The Malio experience raises questions over the application of CLTS to evoke shock and shame and whether adapting the approach to fit cultural context removes its potency, and therefore its effectiveness

A reciprocity of care: a dialogical reflection on the artwork Winter

Publisher PD

Could in-home sensors surpass human observation of people with Parkinson’s at high risk of falling? An ethnographic study

Self-report underpins our understanding of falls among people with Parkinson’s (PwP) as they largely happen unwitnessed at home. In this qualitative study, we used an ethnographic approach to investigate which in-home sensors, in which locations, could gather useful data about fall risk. Over six weeks, we observed five independently mobile PwP at high risk of falling, at home. We made field notes about falls (prior events and concerns) and recorded movement with video, Kinect, and wearable sensors. The three women and two men (aged 71 to 79 years) having moderate or severe Parkinson’s were dependent on others and highly sedentary. We most commonly noted balance protection, loss, and restoration during chair transfers, walks across open spaces and through gaps, turns, steps up and down, and tasks in standing (all evident walking between chair and stairs, e.g.). Our unobtrusive sensors were acceptable to participants: they could detect instability during everyday activity at home and potentially guide intervention. Monitoring the route between chair and stairs is likely to give information without invading the privacy of people at high risk of falling, with very limited mobility, who spend most of the day in their sitting rooms

Effects of quantum well growth temperature on the recombination efficiency of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells that emit in the green and blue spectral regions

InGaN-based light emitting diodes and multiple quantum wells designed to emit in the green spectral region exhibit, in general, lower internal quantum efficiencies than their blue-emitting counter parts, a phenomenon referred to as the “green gap.” One of the main differences between green-emitting and blue-emitting samples is that the quantum well growth temperature is lower for structures designed to emit at longer wavelengths, in order to reduce the effects of In desorption. In this paper, we report on the impact of the quantum well growth temperature on the optical properties of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells designed to emit at 460 nm and 530 nm. It was found that for both sets of samples increasing the temperature at which the InGaN quantum well was grown, while maintaining the same indium composition, led to an increase in the internal quantum efficiency measured at 300 K. These increases in internal quantum efficiency are shown to be due reductions in the non-radiative recombination rate which we attribute to reductions in point defect incorporation.This work was carried out with the financial support of the United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council under Grant Numbers EP/I012591/1 and EP/H011676/1.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from AIP via http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4932200 All data created during this research are openly available from the University of Manchester eScholar archive at http://dx.doi.org/10.15127/1.26974

Effect of QW growth temperature on the optical properties of blue and green InGaN/GaN QW structures

In this paper we report on the impact that the quantum well growth temperature has on the internal quantum efficiency and carrier recombination dynamics of two sets of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well samples, designed to emit at 460 and 530 nm, in which the indium content of the quantum wells within each sample set was maintained. Measurements of the internal quantum efficiency of each sample set showed a systematic variation, with quantum wells grown at a higher temperature exhibiting higher internal quantum efficiency and this variation was preserved at all excitation power densities. By investigating the carrier dynamics at both 10 K and 300 K we were able to attribute this change in internal quantum efficiency to a decrease in the non-radiative recombination rate as the QW growth temperature was increased which we attribute to a decrease in incorporation of the point defects