COVID-19 y el sector del alojamiento: primeras medidas y estrategias de comunicación en línea. Un estudio de casos múltiples en una provincia española

The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on the accommodation sector by looking at the measures in place, prospects and future strategies. Using a multiple-case-study methodology, an electronically self-administered questionnaire was sent to the managers of 10 establishments located in the province of Huelva (Spain), between March and June 2020. Additionally, a thematic analysis was performed to compare the messages posted on social media over the same four-month period in both 2019 and 2020. The results showed that those establishments belonging to large chains diversified their strategies to obtain better chances of success. Also, reactions to the COVID-19 crisis appeared to differ by type of accommodation. An important change in the online communication strategy during the lockdown in relation to the same period in 2019 was observed. It was not just the different themes of the messages that were in different proportions, but so too were the levels of engagement expressed in each one. This study provides a snapshot of the effect that the economic shutdown had on Spain’s tourist accommodation and contributes to the thematic social media strategies deployed by the accommodation sector in situations of natural disasters and global pandemics.Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos de la crisis de COVID-19 en el sector del alojamiento, las medidas adoptadas, las perspectivas y las estrategias futuras. Se utilizó una metodología de estudio de casos múltiples para examinar 10 establecimientos de la provincia de Huelva (España), de marzo a junio de 2020. Para ello se envió un cuestionario auto administrado electrónicamente a los directivos de los alojamientos seleccionados. Además, se realizó un análisis temático para comparar los mensajes publicados en las redes sociales en el mismo periodo de 2019 y 2020. Los resultados mostraron que los establecimientos pertenecientes a grandes cadenas diversificaron sus estrategias para obtener mejores posibilidades de éxito. Asimismo, las reacciones a la crisis del COVID-19 parecen ser diferentes según el tipo de alojamiento. Se observó un cambio importante en la estrategia de comunicación online durante el periodo confinamiento, en relación con el mismo periodo de 2019. Los diferentes temas de los mensajes no sólo estaban en diferentes proporciones, sino también los niveles de interacción alcanzados en cada uno de ellos. Este trabajo proporciona una instantánea del efecto que el parón económico tuvo en los alojamientos turísticos españoles y contribuye a la investigación sobre las estrategias temáticas en medios sociales desplegadas por el sector del alojamiento en situaciones de catástrofes naturales o pandemias

Online reputation of 4- and 5-star hotels

Purpose – The aim of this research is to analyse how hotels incorporate their online reputation on their official websites, the characteristics of that information, as well as the variables that may influence it. Design/Methodology/Approach – We analysed 503 websites of 4- and 5-star hotels in Andalusia (Spain). It was verified on a case-by-case basis whether the hotel publicized its online reputation, the type (numerical or non-numerical) and the source of its reputation (internal or external). In addition, a general profile was established for each establishment. After a descriptive analysis, possible dependent relationships between the online reputation and characteristics of the establishment were analysed. Findings – Over half of the hotels opted to publicize their online reputation on their own websites, and a little over half of those used the external online reputation sources. Both circumstances were related to factors such as modality and the hotel size. TripAdvisor ratings were a reference point among the hotels under analysis. Originality of the research – This study provides insight into the manner in which hotels are reflecting their online reputation on their official websites, the variables that may influence this behaviour and the extent to which the third-party reviews are visible on their websites

La participación del alumno en la evaluación del aprendizaje en la enseñanza superior. Una experiencia en estudios empresariales

El proceso de convergencia hacia el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) implica, entre otros cambios, la revisión de los procedimientos de enseñanza-aprendizaje utilizados hasta ahora en las Universidades españolas. En este sentido, es necesario entender que éstos dependen también de que se modifiquen los criterios y las estrategias de evaluación, en el marco de una enseñanza basada en competencias y centrada en el trabajo de los estudiantes. En este contexto, la evaluación no debe basarse sólo en calificar al alumno, sino que debe ser, ante todo, una práctica reflexiva propia del docente, un control de calidad sobre lo que se hace, para después tomar decisiones, que facilite la mejora del aprendizaje. De ahí que en los últimos años se hable de “evaluación orientada al aprendizaje”, la cual se apoya en tres aspectos (Álvarez, 2008, p. 246): plantear las tareas de evaluación como tareas de aprendizaje, involucrar a los estudiantes en la evaluación y ofrecer los resultados o retorno de la evaluación a modo de feed-back. En este trabajo, nos centramos en los procedimientos de evaluación del aprendizaje que involucran al alumno, convirtiéndose en parte y juez del proceso de evaluación (autoevaluación, evaluación por pares y coevaluación). Forman parte del conjunto de los denominados procedimientos de “evaluación alternativa” (Álvarez, 2008, p. 252), que a diferencia de los métodos basados en la medida del aprendizaje o en pruebas objetivas, se realiza a través de tareas reales (Leach et al., 2001; Romer, 2002; Welsh, 2002). En concreto, en este trabajo se incluye una aplicación de la coevaluación, en la que al alumno se le hace copartícipe de la evaluación de las competencias de los demás estudiantes matriculados en su misma asignatura, mediante la valoración de los trabajos relacionados con el contenido del programa docente y expuestos por los demás compañeros de la clase, agrupados éstos en diferentes equipos de trabajo. Pretendemos con ello mejorar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, identificando aquellos aspectos que puedan obstaculizarlo. Presentamos en este trabajo los resultados de una experiencia aplicada en un grupo de alumnos de cuarto curso de la Licenciatura en Administración y Dirección de Empresas de la Universidad de Huelva, en la que la coevaluación de determinadas habilidades y destrezas demostradas por los alumnos se promulga como aliciente en la mejora de la motivación y apoyo al aprendizaje. Lógicamente, para garantizar la validez de los resultados obtenidos en la iniciativa, y por tanto, valorar la seriedad y relevancia de la misma, será imprescindible realizar un análisis comparativo de las evaluaciones de los alumnos y las del profesor, no detectándose importantes desviaciones y obteniendo conclusiones relevantes para el correcto desempeño de la labor docente.The process of convergence towards the European Higher Education Area implies, among other changes, the revision of the teaching-learning procedures used in Spanish universities. It is necessary to understand that these procedures are also related to amend the criteria and evaluation strategies, within the framework of a competency-based education focusing on students' work. In this sense, assessment should not be a measurement of the student performance, but must be a teacher's reflective practice, a quality control over what is done, to make decisions that facilitate the improvement of learning. Hence in recent years it’s speaking of "learning-oriented assessment," which is based on three elements (Alvarez, 2008, p. 246): seeing assessment tasks as learning tasks, involving students in assessment and returning the results of the assessment as a feed-back. In this paper, we focus on the evaluation procedures of learning assessment where the student is implied, becoming part and judge of the assessment process (self- assessment, peer review and peer assessment). They are part of all procedures called "alternative assessment" (Alvarez, 2008, p. 252), which unlike the methods based on the learning measurement or objective evidence, are done through work experience (Leach et al. 2001; Romer, 2002; Welsh, 2002). Specifically, this paper includes an implementation of peer assessment, in which the student is made a partner in the assessment of the skills of classmates, through the valuation of work-related program’s syllabus presented by a team of classmates. We intend to improve the teaching-learning process and identifying those aspects that may hinder it. The results of an experience applied in a group of fourth year students of Bachelor in Business Administration from the University of Huelva are present in this paper. In this experience the peer assessment of some skills and abilities demonstrated by students is promulgated as an incentive to improve motivation and learning support. Logically, to ensure the validity of the results of the initiative, and thus assess the reliability and relevance of it, will be essential to do a comparative analysis of assessments of pupils and the teacher. In this analysis was detected no significant deviations and getting findings relevant to the proper performance of the teaching task

El cumplimiento del protocolo de Kioto en tiempos de crisis : ¿una oportunidad o una amenaza?

El mercado europeo de emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2), regulado por la Directiva 2003/87/CE, obliga a sus participantes a formular planteamientos estratégicos y operativos en sus modelos productivos en materia de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Las perspectivas, que podrían confirmarse en la próxima reunión de Copenhague, de una extensión de los acuerdos amparados por la ONU de reducción de emisiones, exigirán un reformulación de estas estrategias empresariales. En este trabajo reflexionamos sobre las posibles alternativas de la industria para cumplir los compromisos post-Kioto en un contexto de crisis económica, resolviendo algunas de las nuevas cuestiones que surgen en la toma de decisiones relacionadas con las emisiones de CO2

La participación de la industria española en proyectos internacionales de reducción de emisiones de carbono (2008-2012). Un análisis exploratorio

La participación en proyectos internacionales de reducción de emisiones de CO2 (Aplicación Conjunta y Desarrollo Limpio) constituye para la industria incluida en el ámbito de aplicación del la Directiva 2003/87/CE una alternativa para compensar su huella de carbono. El propósito de este trabajo es realizar un análisis exploratorio del tipo y nivel de participación de las instalaciones españolas del sector industrial con limitación de emisiones de carbono en los proyectos derivados de los mecanismos de flexibilidad del Protocolo de Kyoto, una vez finalizada la segunda etapa de éste (2008-2012). Los resultados muestran que, a pesar de existir bajos niveles de participación directa, la utilización de los créditos de carbono es una práctica generalizada, aproximándose a los límites autorizados para el periodo, incluidas las instalaciones con excedentes de derechos de emisión

Un análisis teórico de la probabilidad de cumplimiento del plan de capacidad a corto plazo

El trabajo pretende realizar una aproximación a los orígenes de las desviaciones provocadas en el cálculo del Plan de Carga elaborado con la técnica de Planificación de Necesidades de Capacidad (CRP), estudiando por separado las que devienen de la diferencia del valor del tiempo de carga estimado con respecto al realmente producido y las provocadas por las divergencias entre el periodo en el que se ha asignado la carga de una operación y el momento en el que se produce realmente ésta (debido a variaciones en el resto de los tiempos que componen el tiempo de suministro). Para ello se han estudiado, de forma teórica, los intervalos de variación de la carga y del periodo de asignación de ésta, analizando, a continuación, la probabilidad de cumplimiento del Plan de Carga, tanto para el caso de que las operaciones se completen en un solo periodo, como si la carga se distribuye entre varios cubos de tiempo.The aim of this work is to approach to deviations in the calculation of the Capacity Requirements with Capacity Requirement Planning (CRP), studying two possible causes: in one hand, the wrong calculation of the load time; and, in other hand, although the load time was right, it can be transferred total or partially to a different period from it was assigned initially, due to variations in the other times that compose the lead time. The likelihood of the amount of load and the allocation of this one has been studied of theoretical form, under the consideration as much of that all the operations in a period are executed totally in it, as well as when some operations are unfinished. Afterwards the joint likelihood for these two cases is analyzed

Evaluation of non-financial information and its contribution to advancing the sustainable development goals within the Spanish banking sector

Non-financial information and its contribution to the achievement of each Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) are assuming great relevance in the business world, in which it is not enough to be economically sustainable without also being sustainable from ethical, environmental, and social points of view. An analysis of how the financial sector contributes to the achievement of the SDGs is crucial in two ways. Firstly, due to the relevance and the magnitude of this sector itself; secondly, and more importantly in our view, because of the financial leverage of the banking sector that has a mandate to facilitate the transition of all economic sectors towards sustainability, guided by the 2030 Agenda. However, despite the expectations placed on banking entities, there is a research gap on their disclosure practices and on the SDG-related information that they report. In addition, the academic literature centered on the analysis of SDG-related disclosures through artificial intelligence is very scarce. To fill this gap, the objective of our study is, on the one hand, to analyze whether there is greater homogeneity in the disclosure of non-financial information in the Spanish banking sector following the transposition of Directive 2014/95/EU into Spanish Law. On the other hand, it is to evaluate the contribution of banking entities to the SDGs. To do so, the non-financial information reports of 12 Spanish banks are analyzed, completing a comparative evaluation and using artificial intelligence to identify mentions of each SDG and its targets. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was also used to rank the banking entities in accordance with their contribution to each SDG. The results reflected the plurality, in both breadth and quality, in the disclosure of non-financial information and in the contribution to the SDGs. The only point in common between all the entities that were studied was the use of the GRI disclosure framework and the identification of the priority SDGs, positioning SDGs 8, 13, and 4 in priority positions. The banks with higher bank capitalization levels occupied the top of the ranking of contributions to the SDGs. Differences were presented for all other aspects, even to the point of highlighting that some entities or independent verifiers had not offered all the information. In conclusion, greater efforts to improve the quality of non-financial reporting and further development of the common regulatory framework will be fundamental for better comparability between the reports from banking entities. Furthermore, this study shows that natural language processing can be applied to better measure companies’ alignment with the SDGs based on the text of their non-financial report

Anticoagulantes orales directos frente a antagonistas de la vitamina K en pacientes del «mundo real» con fibrilación auricular no valvular: estudio FANTASIIA

Observational study[Abstract] Introduction and objectives: To compare the long-term results of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) vs vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in real-world-patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in a nationwide, prospective study. Methods: The FANTASIIA registry prospectively included outpatients with AF anticoagulated with DOAC or VKA (per protocol, proportion of VKA and DOAC 4:1), consecutively recruited from June 2013 to October 2014 in Spain. The incidence of major events was analyzed and compared according to the anticoagulant treatment received. Results: A total of 2178 patients were included in the study (mean age 73.8±9.4 years), and 43.8% were women. Of these, 533 (24.5%) received DOAC and 1645 (75.5%) VKA. After a median follow up of 32.4 months, patients receiving DOAC vs those receiving VKA had lower rates of stroke-0.40 (95%CI, 0.17-0.97) vs 1.07 (95%CI,0.79-1.46) patients/y, P=.032-, severe bleedings-2.13 (95%CI, 1.45-3.13) vs 3.28 (95%CI, 2.75-3.93) patients/y; P = .044-, cardiovascular death-1.20 (95%CI, 0.72-1.99) vs 2.45 (95%CI, 2.00-3.00) patients/y; P = .009-, and all-cause death-3.77 (95%CI, 2.83-5.01) vs 5.54 (95%CI, 4.83-6.34) patients/y; P = .016-. In a modified Cox regression model by the Andersen-Gill method for multiple events, hazard ratios for patients receiving DOAC were: 0.42 (0.16-1.07) for stroke; 0.47 (0.20-1.16) for total embolisms; 0.76 (0.50-1.15) for severe bleedings; 0.67 (0.39-1.18) for cardiovascular death; 0.86 (0.62-1.19) for all-cause death, and 0.82 (0.64-1.05) for the combined event consisting of stroke, embolism, severe bleeding, and all-cause death. Conclusions: Compared with VKA, DOAC is associated with a trend to a lower incidence of all major events, including death, in patients with NVAF in Spain.[Resumen] Introducción y objetivos. Comparar los resultados a largo plazo de los anticoagulantes orales directos (ACOD) frente a los antagonistas de la vitamina K (AVK) en pacientes del mundo real con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) en un estudio nacional prospectivo. Métodos. El estudio FANTASIIA incluyó consecutivamente a pacientes ambulatorios con FANV anticoagulados con ACOD o AVK desde junio de 2013 hasta octubre de 2014. Se compararon las tasas de eventos según el anticoagulante administrado. Resultados. Se incluyó a 2.178 pacientes (edad, 73,8 ± 9,4 años; el 43,8% mujeres); de ellos, 533 (24,5%) recibían ACOD y 1.645 (75,5%), AVK. Tras una mediana de seguimiento de 32,4 meses, los pacientes con ACOD tuvieron tasas más bajas de ictus —0,40 (IC95%, 0,17-0,97) frente a 1,07 (IC95%, 0,79-1,46) pacientes/año; p = 0,032—, hemorragias mayores —2,13 (IC95%, 1,45-3,13) frente a 3,28 (IC95%, 2,75-3,93) pacientes/año; p = 0,044—, muerte cardiovascular —1,20 (IC95%, 0,72-1,99) frente a 2,45 (IC95%, 2,00-3,00) pacientes/año; p = 0,009— y muerte total —3,77 (IC95%, 2,83-5,01) frente a 5,54 (IC95%, 4,83-6,34) pacientes/año; p = 0,016—. En el análisis de Cox modificado según el método de Andersen-Gill para datos con múltiples eventos, las razones de riesgos instantáneos para los pacientes con ACOD fueron 0,42 (0,16-1,07) para el ictus; 0,47 (0,20-1,16) para la embolia sistémica en general; 0,76 (0,50-1,15) para las hemorragias mayores; 0,67 (0,39-1,18) para la muerte cardiovascular; 0,86 (0,62-1,19) para la mortalidad total y 0,82 (0,64-1,05) para el combinado de ictus, embolias, hemorragias mayores y muerte. Conclusiones. El tratamiento con ACOD se asocia con una tendencia a una menor tasa de todos los eventos graves, incluida la mortalidad, en relación con los AVK en pacientes con FANV en España

Influence of sex on long-term prognosis in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants. Results from the prospective, nationwide FANTASIIA study

[Abstract] Background: While many risk factors for Atrial Fibrillation (AF) have been identified, there are important differences in their relative impact between sexes. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of sex as a long-term predictor of adverse events in “real world” AF patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants. Methods: The FANTASIIA registry is a prospective, national and multicentric study including outpatients with anticoagulated AF patients. Baseline characteristics and adverse events at 3 years of follow-up were collected and classified by sex. Cox multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the role of sex in major events and composite outcomes. Results: A total of 1956 patients were included in the study. 43.9% of them were women, with a mean age of 73.8 ± 9.4 years (women were older 76.5 ± 7.9 vs 71.7 ± 10.1, p<0.001). Women had higher rate of cardiovascular risk factors and higher mean of CHA2DS2-VASc (4.4 ± 1.4 vs 3.7 ± 1.6, p<0.001) and HAS-BLED (2.1 ± 1.0 vs 1.9 ± 1.1, p<0.001) than men. After 3 years of follow-up, rates of major events were similar in both groups with limit difference for all-cause mortality (4.4%/year in women vs 5.6%/year in men; p = 0.056). However, all the composite events were more frequent in women. We observed in the non-adjusted adverse events lower rate of all-cause mortality (HR 0.62, 95%CI 0.47–0.81; p<0.001), composite 1 outcomes (HR 0.80, 95%CI 0.65–0.98; p = 0.029) and composite 2 (HR 0.77, 95%CI 0.64–0.94; p = 0.010) in women compared with men. In multivariate Cox regression analysis observed that female sex was an independently protector factor for all-cause mortality and for the composite outcomes 1 and 2. Conclusions: In this “real world” study of anticoagulated AF patients, women could have a protective role against development of adverse events, mainly on all-cause mortality and combined events.Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD12/0042/0068Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD12/0042/0010Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD12/0042/0069Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD12/0042/006

Peripheral artery disease and clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: A report from the FANTASIIA registry

Observational study[Abstract] Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are common conditions that increase cardiovascular risk. We determined the association between PAD and prognosis in a cohort of real-world patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy for nonvalvular AF. Methods: We prospectively included 1956 patients (mean age 73.8 ± 9.5 years, 44.0% women) receiving oral anticoagulant therapy for AF. Clinical characteristics were collected at baseline. Patients were followed for a period of 3 years. Survival analysis and multivariable regression analyses were performed to assess variables related to death, stroke, bleeding, myocardial infarction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results: Patients with PAD (n = 118; 6%) exhibited higher rates of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. After 3 years of follow-up, there were a total of 255 deaths (no PAD 233, vs PAD 22), 45 strokes (43 vs 2), 146 major bleedings (136 vs 10) and 168 MACE (148 vs 20). On univariate analysis, there was a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (2.02%/year no PAD vs 4.08%/year PAD, P = .02), myocardial infarction (0.99%/year no PAD vs 2.43%/year PAD, P = .02) and MACE (3.18%/year no PAD vs 6.99%/year PAD, P < .01). There was no statistically significant association with these events after multivariable adjustment. Conclusions: In a large cohort of anticoagulated patients with AF, the presence of PAD represents a higher risk subgroup and is associated with worse crude outcomes. The exact contribution of the PAD independently of other cardiovascular diseases or risk factors requires further investigation.Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD16/11/00420Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD12/0042/0068Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD12/0042/0010Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD12/0042/0069Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD12/0042/006